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PHYTOLOGIA
Designed to expedite botanical publication
Vol. 22 August, 1971 No. | CONTENTS KASAPLIGIL, B., A new species of Fritillaria from northeastern MOE re ets Mar MRR ge wk Bn sees MAO Na sla of Spy bie iac os 1 MOLDENKE, H. N., Notes on new and noteworthy plants. LIIT........ 6 NES A oR ISIC PORTOWIS © =) solo be) Seared? eda, Bone) Sylaene tne la le 0 7 MOLDENKE, H. N., Additional material toward a monograph of the genus Callicarpa. XIX...... Re NC OTe Ne a AY ea ahs 13 HALE, M. E., Jr., Parmelia squarrosa, a new species in Section Parmelia .. 29 HALE, M. E., Jr., Five new Parmeliae from tropical America.......... 30 HALE, M. E., Jr., & WIRTH, M., Notes on Parmelia Subgenus Evernii- formes with descriptions of six new Species.............. 36 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). XLVI. A new genus, Standleyanthus.............-..0+4. 41 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). XLVII. A new genus, Steyermarkina..............+..0+4. 43 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). Pe ere SE cep ais. CIPI (MiMi ho i Na 2 aoe ko. Moa ewee 46 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). XLIX. A new genus, Critoniadelphus ...............4.4. 52 KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). a OM BEMIN MITDHIANIMUS. «sical sory ee eke. Bs ohoke 0 54 RUDD, V. E., New combinations in Machaerium (Leguminosae)........ 56
Published by Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke
303 Parkside Road Plainfield, New Jersey 07060 > U.S.A.
si= = ARY number, $1; per volume, $7.50, in advance,
= HEY,
wT PATA or $8, at close of volume
SEP 16 197}
A NEW SPECIES OF FRITILLARIA FROM NORTHEASTERN TURKEY
Baki Kasapligil Biology Department, Mills College Oakland, California
Fritillaria erzurumica sp. nove
Bulbus globularis vel ovatus, diam. 10-18 m., squamis 3- membranaceis albis vel helvis obtectus, bulbilis abundis instruc- tus. Caulis 8-22 cm. altus, diam. 3-) mm, pars subterranea irregulariter curvata, ea supraterranea erecta, veneta, glauca, glabrata. Folia 3-, oblongo-lanceolata, omnia spiralia, 4-12 cm. longa, 0.5-2 cm. lata glauca, glabrata, apice acuta, basi amplexi- caulia. Flores rosei, solitarii, plus minusve nutantes, perigo-= nium acetabuliforme. Perianthii segmenta subtiliter reticulata, obovata; 22-2); mm. longa, 9-12 mm. lata, margine integerrima vel unilateraliter lobata, apice dorsaliter pubescentia. Nectaria supra basin tepali sita, lunata vel hippocrepiformis, conspicue viridia. Stamina 15-18 mm. longa, filamentis filiformibus, spar- sim ciliatis, ad basem versus dilatatis, antheris oblongis, h-8 mm. longis, apice acutis vel obtusis, basi hastilabiis. Ovarium circa 7 mm. altum, stylus 12 m. longus, filiformis vel clavatus, stigma ut videtur aut trilobulatum aut dilatatum ac tricrenula- tum. Grana pollinis prolata, unisulcata, exina 1.6 micra crassa, subtiliter polygonali-reticulata, axis longitudinalis 60.2(54.h- 44.6) micra longus, axis transversalis 39.1(3.0-l5.9) micra longus.
y Holotype: Northeastern Turkey, Erzurum, Palandoken Mts.,alt. te 2900 m, eastern exposure, mountain steppe, June 4,,1970,Sab= ri Ozyurt No.975 (U.C. and Herbarium of Ataturk Univ. in aoe
Bulbs spherical or ovate, 10-18 mm. in diameter, covered with 3-) membranous scales which are white or light brown in color, "rice grain" bulbils abundant. Stem 8=22 cm. high, 3-)) mne thick, subterranean portion irregular in shape, but the por= tion above ground straight, erect, glabrate, bluish-green and glaucous. Leaves 3=);, oblong-lanceolate, spirally arranged ,l-12 cme long, 0.5-2 cm. broad, bluish-green, glabrate, pointed at apex and clasping at base. Flowers pink, solitary, more or less nodding, perianth saucer=shaped. Perianth segments finely reti- culate, obovate, 22-2); mm. long, 9-12 mm.wide, with entire mar- gins or unilaterally lobate, apex pubescent on the dorsal side. Nectaries situated above the base of perianth segments,crescent- or horseshoe-shaped, strikingly green. Stamens 15-18 mm. long; filaments filiform, sparsely ciliate, dilated at base; anthers oblong, 4-8 mm. long, pointed or blunt at apex, hastulate at base. Ovaries approximately 7 mm. long; style 12 mm. long,linear or club=shaped; stigma visibly trilobulate or tricrenulate. Pollen grains prolate, unisulcate, exine 1.6 microns thick,fine- ly reticulate owing to polygonal sculpturing, the longitudinal
a
Vol. 22, no. 1
Pep vor O.L O'G ra
1971 Kasapligil, A new species of Fritillaria 3
axis 60.2 (5l.lj-4).6) microns long, transverse axis 39.1(3).0-h5.9) microns long.
Fritillaria erzurumica Kasapligil var. abortivus var. nov.
Flores penduli, infundibuliformes, ovarium abortivum, circa 5 mme longum, ovulis deficientibus; stylus brevissimus; stigma cons- picue trilobatum. Grana pollinis 1/3 steriles, deformata,axis lon- gitudinalis 18.2 (l)5.9-51.0) micra longus, axis transversalis 21.8 (20.4-25.5) micra longus.
Holotype: Northeastern Turkey, Erzurum, Palandoken Mts. ,alt.ca. 2700 m, northern exposure, mountain steppe, June lh, 1970, Sabri OzyurtNo. 946 (U.C. and Atatiirk University in Erzurum).
Flowers pendent, funnel=-shaped, ovary abortive, about 5 mm long, without ovules; style extremely short;stigma conspicuously trilobed. One third of the pollen grains sterile and deformed,the longitudinal axis 8.2 (45.9-51.0) microns long and the trans- verse axis 21.8 (20.)-25.5) microns long.
Fritillaria erzurumica belongs to the section Eufritillaria Baker (107) and subsection Olostyleae Boissier (188) according to the classification followed by Krause (1930). This new species is closely related to F. caucasica Adams (Syn. F. tulipifolia Me Bieb.) and F. armena Boiss.both of which are native to Caucasia, Transcaucasia and to northeastern Turkey (cf. Komarov 1935 for their distribution). All three species show a remarkable resem= blance with regard to their vegetative organs, and they are cha- racterized by the lack of checkering on their tepala. However, they can be distinguished sharply from each other by several features as summarized ir the following table:
F. erzurumica F. caucasica F. armena
Flowers: Saucer- Campanulete-conical, | Campanulate-funnel-
——— ee
shaped, semipendulous. Completely pendent. shaped ,compl.pendent
Perianth:bright pink |Brownish purple in- | Dark red with gray with dark pink reti- |side,¢laucous=-blue bloom and greenish culum. outside. gold streaks.
Tepala: Obovate with |Elliptic lanceolate, | Elliptic lanceolate entire margins or uni+ with entire margins,| with serrulate mar-
laterally lobate. apiculate. gins. Nectaries:Crescent- j|Linear oblong,green. | Obscure, greenish shaped, prominently depression. green.
Filament: Sparsely Glabrous. Shaggy trichomes. ciliate.
Style: Linear or Club-shaped. Linear. club=shaped.
4 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 22; no. 1
F. caucasica F. armena
Stigma :Tricrenate Obscurely trilobed.| Entire or obscurely to trilobulate. trilobed.
Habitat: Mountain Alpine scrub ve- Alpine meadows. getation.
April April
The range of variation in stem height is quite similar in
F. erzurumica and F. armena although F. caucasica tends to be a tall plant reaching a height up to hO cm. Beck (1953, pe59) des- cribes "lower opposite leaves" for F. armena but the specimens and the classical illustrations (cf. Baker 1878, Stoyanoff 1931) I examined show alternate leaf arrangements only. Turrill (198) distinguishes the genus Fritillaria from the related genus Li- lium on the basis of attachment of filaments to the anthers. _ Although basifixed anthers seem to be a general occurrence among the specimens I examined, this property also shows a consider= able varistion in F. erzurumicae Some of the stamens I studied had more or less dorsifixed anthers resulting in a versatile condition, as in Liliun.
F. erzurumica var. abortivus seems to be a member of a po- pulation which is very well established in its habitat. The abortion of its pistil as well as of one third of the pollen grains may be the result of hybridization, polyploidy, fragmen- tation or structural heterozygocity of the chromosomes. Beetle (194) and Cave (1970) reported morphological and cytological diversities among populations of F. lanceolata Pursh and sever- al other California species. Both F. erzurumica var.erzurumica and F. erzurumica var. abortivus need to be studied cytologi- cally to determine the nature and extent of their variability. The perpetuation of sterility has been accomplished by success= ful asexual reproduction by means of bulbils.
Grateful acknowledgements are due to Miss Barbara Noah (Mills College 1971) for having prepared the figures A and F from the type specimens; to Dre Rimo Bacigalupi of the Jepson Herbarium (University of Californie, Berkeley) for having read the manuscript and to Mr. Sabri Ozyurt (Assist. Botanist of the Faculty of Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Tur- key) for having supplied the desiccata.
LITERATURE CITED:
Baker, J. G. 1874, Revision of the genera and species of Tulipeae. Jour. Linn. Soc. 1: 211-310.
Baker, J. G. 1678, Fritilleariea armena Boiss. Curt. Bote Mage tab. 6365.
Beck, Ce. 1953, Fritillaries, a gardener's introduction
1971 Kasapligil, A new species of Fritillaria 5
to the genus Fritillaria. Faber & Faber Itd., London.
Beetle, D. E- 1944, A monograph of the North American species of Fritillaria. Madrofio 7(5): 133-158.
Boissier, E. 188, Flora Orientalis 5: 176-190. Geneva.
Cave, M. Se 1970, Chromosomes of the California Liliaceae. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. vol.57, Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley.
Komarov, V. Le 1935, Flora of the U.S.S.R. . Genus 271: Fritillaria. Botanicheskii Inst. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R. Leningrad. Israel Program for Scientific Transl., Jerusalem 1968,
Krause, K. 1930, in A. Engler und E. Prantl,Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 2. Aufl. Bd.l5a: 442=335.
Stoyanoff , 1931, Tsarskité priodonauchni institut, Sofia. (Institution royale d'histoire naturelle) : 14%, Sofia.
Turrill, W. B. 1948, The generic concept with reference to Fritillaria. The Lily Yearbook, Roy. Hort. Soc. 12: 90-93.
_LEGENDS FOR THE PLATE:
Fritillaria erzurumica Kasapligil: A. Habit drawing with semi-pendent flower above and several "rice grain" bulbils at bases; B. a pistil with club-shaped style and tricrenulate stig- ma; C. a pistil with linear style and trilobulate stigma; D. a stamen with ciliate filament dilated at base; E. adaxial view of a unilaterally lobate tepal showing the dichotomous branching of three vascular bundles and the nectary situated above the base. Fritillaria erzurumica var. abortivus Kasapligil: F. Habit of the plant with a distinctly pendent flower; G. abaxial view of a stamen with dorsifixed anther; H. abortive pistil. Figures A and F; 1X, all others: 2X.
NOTES ON NEW AND NOTEWORTHY PLANTS. LIII
Harold N. Moldenke
ARGIPHILA CUATRECASASI var. NITIDA Moldenke, var. nov.
Haec varietas a forma typica speciei foliis supra glaberrimis nitidisque subtus minutissime et perobscure puberulis recedit.
This variety differs from the typical form of the species in having its leaf-blades smaller, to 16.5 cm. long and 9 cm. wide, completely glabrous and very shiny above, and extremely obscurely fine-puberulent beneath.
The type of the variety was collected by Sigifredo Espinal T. and J. E. Ramos (no. 2897) at 1750 meters altitude at Matarredon- da, Cauca, Colombia, on October 2, 1968, and is deposited in my personal herbarium at Plainfield, New Jersey.
CARYOPTERIS ODORATA f. ALBIFLORA (Voigt) Moldenke, comb. nov. Clerodendron odoratum @ albiflorum Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calc.
4,66. 1845.
CITHAREXYLUM SULCATUM var. HIRTELLUM Moldenke, var. nov.
Haec varietas a forma typica speciei foliis majoribus subtus ad reticulum venorum ‘yemlorumque patente hirtellis recedit.
This variety differs from the typical form of the species in having the leaves larger, to 12 cm. long and 6 cm. wide, and the extremely prominent venation on the lower surface spreading- hirtellous.
The type of the variety was collected by Sigifredo Espinal T. and J. E. Ramos (no. 3284) at an altitide of 2900 meters between Coconmuco and Paletard, Cauca, Colombia, on November 13, 1968, and is deposited in my personal herbarium at Plainfield, New Jersey.
CLERODENDRUM INERME var. MACROCARPUM (Wall.) Moldenke, comb. nov. Clerodendron neriifolium var. macrocarpa Wall. ex C. B. Clarke
in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India ): 589. 1885.
CLERODENDRUM PHLOMIDIS f. RUBRUM (Roxb.) Moldenke, comb. nov. Clerodendron phlomoides @ rubrum Roxv. ex Voigt, Hort. Suburb.
Calc. 465. 185.
SYNGONANTHUS GRACILIS f. PROLIFER Moldenke, f. nov.
Haec forma a forma typica speciei capitulis distincte prolif- eris recedit.
This form differs from the typical form of the species in hav- ing its flower-heads distinctly proliferous, producing each from 3 to many erect linear leaf-like growths to 5 mm. in length.
The type of the form was collected by George Gardner (no. 5281) somewhere in Brazil and is deposited in the Britton Herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden.
BOOK REVIEWS Alma L. Moldenke
"POLLEN AND SPORES OF CHILE -- Modern Types of the Pteridophyta, Gymnospermas, and Angiospermae" by Calvin J. Heusser, xiv & 167 pp., illus., University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona 85700. 1971. $15.00.
In today's book market this oversized, well-printed and well- bound work with 60 fine fullpage photographic plates is bargain-= priced -- and readers will acquire a scientific bargain, too.
The text covers a general vegetational survey, detained descrip- tions of pollen grains and spores, citations, locations, ranges, keys, glossary, and bibliography. In its preparation material has been examined for members of 178 plant families from herbar- ium spécimens preserved in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural in Santiago and from fresh fielq collections.
"THE BIOLOGY OF PARASITIC FLOWERING PLANTS" by Job Kuijt, v & 26 pp., illus., University of California Press, Los Angeles, California, & Berkeley, California 9720. 1969. $15.00.
This excellent book garners a wealth of material over a great range of time and place resulting in up-to-date monographs of the parasitic groups within the mistletoes, sandalwoods, dodders, rafflesias, broomrapes and figworts. There is a detailed treat- ment of haustoria that are root-origined, their physiology, evo- lution, and history. "It is my thesis that parasitism has arisen at least eight different times in unrelated groups of dicotyle- dons: (1) Santalales; (2) Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae;
(3) Rafflesiaceae and Hydnoraceae; (l) Balanophoraceae; (5) Cus- cuta; (6) Cassytha; (7) Lemnoaceae; (8) Krameria."
The book is enriched by many excellent drawings and fine photographs. It is likewise rich in its full bibliography, in- cluding the author's many papers on mistletoes.
"GENETICS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS" by Theodosius Dobzhansky, x & 505 pp., illus., Columbia university Press, London & New York, N. Y. 10025. 1970 copyright, 1971 actual publi- cation. $10.95.
Surely this work by one of the most outstanding geneticists and biological thinkers will prove to be a classic. The chapters cover (1) the unity and diversity of life, (2) genetic continuity and change, (3) mutation and genetic variability, (4) normalizing natural selection, (5) balancing selection and chromosomal poly- morphism, (6) balancing selection and genetic load, (7) direc- tional selection, (8) random drift and founder principle, (9)
if
8 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 22, now 1
populations, races and subspecies, (10) reproductive isolation, (11) patterns of species formation, and (12) patterns of evolu- tion. There is an excellent bibliography with well over a thous- and entries, an author index with almost a thousand entries from works cited in the text and page references, and a subject index with most of the scientific names not italicized.
This book is a reappraisal, and more, of the author's other classic work entitled "Genetics and the Origin of Species", orig- inally published in 1937, with its second and third editions of 1941 and 1951. This new work emphasizes the "balance model" of genetic population structure as "a greater or lesser proportion of the gene loci being in the heterozygous state, frequently though not invariably for pairs of interacting alleles that give heterosis" rather than the older concept of a largely homozygous population as the normal, "Evolution is a creative process..... The evolution of every phyletic line yields a novelty that never existed before and is a unique, unrepeatable, and irreversible proceeding......An evolutionary history is a unique chain of events. Natural selection has tried out an immense mumber of possibilities and has discovered many wonderful ones. Among which, to date, the most wonderful is man."
"CELL BIOLOGY" —- Fifth Edition by E. D. P. De Robertis, W. W. Nowinski & F. A. Saez, xvii & 555 pp., illus., W. B. Saun- ders Company, London WC 1A-1DB, Toronto 7, and Philadelphia, Pa. 19105. 1970. $11.00.
This famous text, already in its 2nd Russian, lst Hungarian, lst Polish, 7th Spanish and lst Italian editions, needs no intro- duction to biologists, but this new English edition deserves a hearty welcome. Its text and bibliographies at the close of each chapter are brought up-to-date. Basic principles are still stressed; the explanations are clear, the photographic illustra- tions and many new diagrams are excellent. As in the past editions, the botanical part of cell biology is limited lamen- tably to a few pages on cellulose and chloroplasts, but the rest of the text refers to the plant cell contents and processes that are shared with other living cells. There are a few careless slips in printing, such as the misspellings of alkaline on p.
116 and leucoplast on p. 237 and the omission of 02 on the photo- synthesis formula on p. 2h).
"THE BIOLOGY OF FLOWERING" by Frank B. Salisbury, xi & 17) pp., illus., Natural History Press, c/o Doubleday & Company, New York, N, YER 10017. 1971. $5.9 e
Aiming this interesting, simple book towards amateur botanists, students and teachers, the author states "There is so much left to learn about flowering that it is not difficult for a student (even junior high level) to devise experiments that have never been performed before. If this book should achieve the goal of starting a student on his way to experiments in flowering, I
1971 Moldenke, Book reviews 9
would certainly like to learn about the results." And so the author describes what flowering involves anatomically and physio- logically by various methods of study including temperature re- sponses, phytochrome, time measurement, biochemistry including especially the flowering hormone and a survey of flowering in natural enviroments.
Many of the illustrative diagrams are very helpful. There is provided a useful bibliography and index.
"FLORA OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS" by Ira L. Wiggins and Duncan L. Porter, xx & 998 pp., illus., Stanford University Press, Stanford, California 94305. 1971. $37.50.
A marvelous work like this has been made possible by (1) the inspirational leadership of the senior author who is outstanding for his lifelong scholarship and field work, (2) the cooperation of several specialists, (3) the coordinated diligence of many diverse assistants, and () the considerable and worthwhile fun- ding by N. S. F. for the research that went into the book and by UNESCO for the establishment of the Charles Darwin Foundation Re- search Station on Isla Santa Cruz.
For all biologists — student, teacher, researcher, interested amateur -—— there is a glow connected with these mostly Pleisto- cene volcanic islands 500 miles off the coast of Ecuador because of their association with Darwin's "Voyage of the Beagle". This present book perpetuates and validates this feeling with its valuable store of information. The introduction discusses settlement and history, physiography and geology, climate, soil and vegetation zones, fauna, and botanical collecting. The major higher plant groups are keyed and then are treated in careful manual style with descriptions, keys, drawings and geographic distribution maps. There are known to date 62 species with 60 subspecies and varieties in 38 genera in 107 families of which 228 species are endemic and 2 consist of new records for the Galdpagos.
In the book there are a glossary of botanical terms, a bib- liography, and index to botanical names, and almost a hundred beautiful color photographs of plants in their natural ecologi- cal settings or in portrait.
"PHLOEM TRANSPORT IN PLANTS" by Alden S. Crafts & Carl E. Crisp, mdi & 481 pp., illus., W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, California 9410,. 1971. $12.50.
"The aim of this book is to collect and interpret the experi- mental information available....not only to support the mechanism of assimilate movement, but to provide detailed analyses of the anatomy of the transport path itself, the phenomenon of phloem plugging, the movement of endogenous as well as xenobiotic con- pounds, the effects of environmental factors, and the complex quantitative aspects of assimilate distribution."
10 PHYTO "LO Ger £ Vol. 22, now. 1
Thanks to much recent careful work in this field checked ina bibliography 3 pages long and thanks to the development of the electron microscope, the authors are able to conclude their text "with the recognition of the existence of open pores in sieve plates, of the composition and nature of phloem exudate, and of common distribution patterns of tracers in plants, pressure flow or mass flow seems to be the inescapable answer to the translo- cation enigma."
On p. 69 Castanea is misspelled; also internodes on p. 70.
This book provides the only collection of this type of botan- ical knowledge at present in print.
"MANUAL OF THE GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES" by A. S. Hitchcock, facsimile of 2nd edition revised by Agnes Chase, Volumes I & II, 1051 pp., illus., Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1001). 1971. $8.00 paper bound.
This unabridged replication of a needed botanical classic is welcome indeed for its excellent descriptions, keys and illustra- tions of 1,398 species in 169 genera of grasses that are native or well established in the United States as well as 120 species of "waifs" in 16 genera. Complete synonymy, uses, a glossary, brief biographical sketches of persons for whom grasses have been named, and an index are included.
The publisher prints on the back cover an assurance that the binding is stitched, completely openable and "permanent" — all necessary attributes if this edition is to get the use the for- mer ones did.
"MARINE FOOD CHAINS" edited by J. H. Steele, viii & 552 pp., illus., University of California Press, Los Angeles, Cali- fornia, and Berkeley, California 94720. 1970. $13.50.
This volume is composed of the proceedings of a l-day syn- posium at the University of Aarhus in Demmark during July 1968 under the aegis of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. There are 35 worthwhile papers grouped under the following 7 headings: (1) recycling of organic matter and ener- gy, (2) pelagic food chains forming the most intricate webs,
(33 feeding mechanisms such as both "skimming" and "swallowing" patterns in baleen whales and the macro-plant detritus feeding of such broad spectrum herbivores as Mugil cephalus telescoping food chains in shallow estuaries, (lh) food requirements for fish production showing how management is increasingly dependent on knowledge of the quantitative interaction among several species, (5) food abundance and availibility in relation to production, (6) theoretical problems in estimating marine biomass production and analysis of trophic processes, and (7) a summary by L. B. Slobodkin stressing that the simplified constant of 10 percent ecological efficiency should not be used without checking for any fisheries' regulation decisions. Many valuable charts and
1971 Moldenke, Book reviews a bs
detailed bibliographies are included in each paper. For the whole work there is provided a subject index as well as a systematics index.
"THE LYNN INDEX: A Bibliography of Phyto—Chemistry, Monograph VII edited by Norman R. Farnsworth et al., 236 pp., College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60680. 1971. $5.00 paper-back.
This new volume covers assuredly the bulk of the phytochemical sources published in the period from 1560 to 195) for the follow- ing plant orders: Pandales, Helobiae, Principes, Spathiflorae, Farinosae, Liliiflorae, Piperales, S » Salicales, Garryales, Myricales, Juglandales » Fagales and Urticales. The cumulative index is es- pecially valuable because it includes the orders, families and genera treated in all of the seven monographs published to date.
This same group of editors has more current material on the subject included it their mimeographed periodical, PHARMACOGNOSY TITLES.
"CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT AND THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM" by S. B. Sut-— ton, xvii & 382 pp., illus., Harvard University Press, Cam- bridge, Mass. 1970. $10.00.
Apropos of the impending centennial of the famed Arnold Ar- boretum next year, its present director commissioned this careful interesting account of its founder who served for 55 years as its director and of its growth as the first in history and promin- ence in the United States.
The author describes Sargent's early life in a family of in- telligence, industry, prominence and affluence, and his interest in horticulture. When assigned the creation of the Arnold Arbor- etum, "he devoted himself with passionate intensity to institu- tion-building and to his study of trees". "He was happier with trees than with people; he loved trees and shrubs and the beauty of fine plants as most men love children and grandchildren or as they love a fair lady." Yet he knew personally many prominent people, had a wonderfully warm and understanding wife and five children, and cherished his home. At the time of the golden ju- bilee in 1922, the then 81 year old director reported that the Arnold Arboretum had doubled its acreage supporting between 5,000 and 6,000 woody species, labeled and mapped, in 32 genera and 87 plant families, introduced nearly 2,000 species and vari- eties into cultivation in the United States, enlarged the her- barium 200-fold, built up a library of 35,500 bound volumes, 8,000 pamphlets and 10,000 photographs, and planned more and bet— ter prospects for the years” ahead.
A few of Sargent's confréres are also well delineated in this book — Wilson, Rehder, Gray. Sargent's monumental work on the forest census, his Silva of North America, as well as his famous (or infamous) treatment of Crataegus with’ 700 species, 22 varie-
12 ParyToLocis Vol. 22, no. 1
ties and 5 forms, are well known botanically.
Unfortunately, the page numbers and running titles are cen- tered at the bottom of the pages inefficiently wasting readers! time. On p. xii eastern is misspelled.
This book is a deserving and informative tribute to a great man and to a great institution.
"PRINCIPLES OF DISPERSAL IN HIGHER PLANTS" by L. van der Pijl, vii & 154 pp., illus., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg & New York, N. Y. 10010. 1969. 36 DM. or $9.00.
This is a companion volume to the author's and K. Faegri's "Principles of Pollination Ecology" of 1966. Both works are so fascinating and excellent in scope and treatment that they should appeal to a broad spectrum of amateur, teaching and professional botanists and biologists of all kinds everywhere.
The illustrations are especially valuable since they cover so many more examples than the limited few that get repeated from one botany text to another. Even more would have enhanced the value of the book.
The bibliography is comprehensive, including Ridley's classic "Dispersal of Plants throughout the World" of 1930, yet omitting some partial references given in the body of the text itself. The three useful indexes for subject, plant scientific names and animal scientific names are valuable features.
The contents include (a) the role of dispersal in the chain of life, (b) elaborate terminology, (c) relationships among flowers, seeds and fruits, (d) ecological dispersal classes based on agents — icthyochory, saurochory, ornithochory, aut— ochory, myrmechory, anemochory, hydrochory, epizoochory, baroch- ory, etc., along with their combinations and limitations, (e) establishment, germination and vivipary, (f) interesting and de- batable evolutionary concepts of dispersal organ development,
(g) ecological development in legume fruits, and finally (h) man and his plants — the crops and weeds. This succinct modern treatment stresses the tropics.
More careful proof-reading should have checked and caught the "ist" on p. 1h, the repeated "Violaceae" on p. 112, the bibliographic omissions and other slips. Actually, the book is really a gem, with just a few minor flaws,
"THE AUSTRALIAN GREAT BARRIER REEF IN COLOUR" by K. Gillett, 112. pp-, illus., Charles E. Tuttle, Tokyo, Japan, & Rutland, Ver-
"No other region in the world has been so lavishly endowed as this 1,250-mile strip of coral-built rampart and its adjacent waters", as this attractive little book with its carefully written text, 16 black/white plates and 50 gorgeous full color ones of corals, sea anemones, starfish, turtles, fish, etc., attests. The role of plants, especially algae, is not considered except on p. 91.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS CALLICARPA. XIX
Harold N. Moldenke
CALLICARPA SIMONDII Dop
Additional bibliography: Moldenke, Phytologia 21: 500. 1971.
Continuation of the original description of this species by Dop (1932): "Folia.....supra pilis simplicibus sparsis horrida, subtus molliter pilis stellatis dispersis tomentosa et punctato- glandulosa, 8--10 cm. longa x h—5 cm. lata; nervus vix prominens, valde tomentosus; costae 12—1); tenues, tomentosae, vix recurva- tae; venae subparalleles, vix conspicuae; reticulones inconspicu- ae; petiolum crassum, tomentosum, 8--10 mm. longum. Inflores- centiae: cymae tomentosae, divaricato-dichotomae, multiflorae, 3,5 cm. latae et longae; bracteae lineares, subulatae, 3—) m. longae; pedunculi 15 mm. longi; pedicelli 1 mm. longi; flores 3 mm. longi. — Calyx stellato-tomentosus, 1,2 mm. longus, dentibus minimis, triangularibus. Corolla glabra 2,5 m. longa, lobis rotundatis, 0,5 mm. longis. Stamina longe exserta; filamenta ad basim corollae inserta; antherae glandulosae. Ovarium glabrum; stylus stamina superans; stigma capitatum. — Fructus....? Ton- kin: Long Tschéou (Simond 152). Cette espéce est trés voisine du C. rubella Lindl. Elle s'en distingue par ses feuilles pétiolées, elliptiques ou en peu obovales, membraneuses, et son calice muni simplement de poils étoilés."
Nothing is known to me of this taxon except what is stated in the literature listed above.
CALLICARPA SIONG-SAIENSIS Metc., Lingnan Sci. Journ. 11: 07—108. 1932.
Synonymy: Callicarpa siongsaiensis Metc. ex Moldenke, Phytolo- gia 1): 225. 1967.
Bibliography: Metc., Lingnan Sci. Journ. 11: )07--08. 1932; A. W. Hill, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 9: 6. 1938; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbenac., ed. 1, 58 & 87 (1942) and ed. 2, 135 & 178. 1949; H.-T. Chang, Act. Phytotax. Sin. 1: 270, 308, & 310. 1951; eae Résumé 17 & 5. 1959; Moldenke, Phytologia ly: 225 & 246. 1967.
The original description of this species reads as follows: "Shrub to 2m. Cymes trichotomous, loose, many-flowered, pedunc- les stellate, as long or longer than petioles. Calyx cup-shaped, entire, glabrous. Fr. dark brown when dry, glabrous (about 3 m. diam.). Leaves obovate to oblanceolate (10--1) cm. long and to 5.5 cm. wide, short acuminate to acute, base cuneate to obtuse, margin subentire to irregularly shallow, serrate, glabrous above, and subglabrous and yellowish glandular beneath. Branchlets, pet- ioles and inflorescence sparsely and minutely stellate pubescent. Siong-Sai, an Island 20 miles seaward from mouth of river Min,
13
14 PHY T0L0G1i2 Vol. 22, mo. 2
[which is 3 miles from Foochow]. Liu, Y. T., FCU 11793; 5 ft., rocky hillside, ex herb. Fukien Christian University (Arnold Ar- boretum, Type).
"A rather characteristic species closely related to C. Giral- diana Hesse and C. pedunculata R. Brom (C. formosana Rolfe), but distinguished easily by the glabrous leaves and glabrous calyx. From C. dichotoma (Loureiro) Ramschel and C, japonica Thunberg it is separated by the subentire to shallowly-serrate margins. It will be interesting to see if this species will ever be found on the mainland. P'tei cites this mumber under his C. formosana Rolfe. This however is synonymous with C. pedunculata R. Brown (see Lam & Bakh. l.c.). The citation was incorrectly given as Tai 11793, but the collector's name was Liu, Yu Tai."
It should be commented here that the island on which the type specimen of this species was collected is one of the White Dog {or Crocodile] Islands.
The Lau 392) & 469, distributed as C. siong-saiensis, are actually C. formosana Rolfe, while Lau 405) is C. integerrima Champ.
Nothing is known to me of this species except what is stated in the literature cited above.
CALLICARPA SORDIDA Urb., Symb. Ant. 7: 355--356. 1911.
Bibliography: Urb., Symb. Ant. 7: 355—-356. 1911; Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 5, pr. 1, hy. 1921; Urb., Arkiv Bot. 22A (17): 108. 1929; Moldenke in Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. 39: 299 (1936) and 40: 50, 52--53, 56, 73, 78, 120, & 123. 1936; Moldenke, Geogr. Distrib. Avicenn. 7. 1939; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Ver- benac., ed. 1, 36 & 87. 1942; Moldenke, Alph. List Cit. 1: 216 & 314 (1946) and h: 1035. 1949; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbenac., ed. 2, 7 & 178. 1949; Moldenke, Résumé 56 & 5. 1959; Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 5, pr. 2, hh. 1960; Moldenke, Phy- tologia 14: 150. 1966; J. A. Clark, Card. Ind. Gen. Sp. Pl. n.d.
Liogier describes this plant as a much-branched shrub, 1 m. tall, growing in thickets in dry areas on dogtooth limestone, at an altitude of 30 meters, flowering in February.
Urban (1929), in his discussion of C. selleana Urb. & Ekn., notes that the latter is "Affinis.....C. sordidae Urb., quae pube aliena, foliis oblongis v. elliptico-oblongis basi obtusis v. rotundatis, pedunculis 0,5—0,7 cm longis diversa est". In his 1911 work he says “Altera species domingensis, Callicarpa aculeolata Schauer, ramis manifeste aculeolatis, foliis lineari- lanceolatis 2—l cm. longis, 0,6—-0,8 cm. latis, margine subin- tegris facile distingui potest. Longius distant Callic cubensis Urb. et Callicarpa fulva A. Rich. (e Cuba)".
In all, 1 herbarium specimens, including the type, and 1) mounted photographs of C. sordida have been examined by me.
Additional & emended citations: HISPANIOLA: Dominican Repub— lic: Fuertes 848 (E--photo of type, F—-385395—-isotype, Lu—
1971 Moldenke, Monograph of Callicarpa 15
isotype, Mi--photo of isotype, S--photo of type, W--698001—iso- type, W—-photo of type); Liogier 1369 (N, Z).
CALLICARPA STENOPHYLLA Merr. in Merr. & Merritt, Philip. Journ. Sei Bot. 5: 380-—381. 1910.
Bibliography: E. D. Merr. in Merr. & Merritt, Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 5: 380—381 & 554. 1910; Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. h, pr. 1, 34h. 1913; E. D. Merr., Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 10: 71. 1915; H. J. Lam, Verbenac. Malay. Arch. 47, 61, & 362. 1919; Bakh. in Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., ser. 3, 3: 2h. 1921; E. D. Merr., Emm. Philip. Pl. 3: 388. 1923; E. D. Merr., Philip. Journ. Sci. 30: 87. 1926; Moldenke, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 60: 55. 1932; Moldenke, Alph. List Common Vern. Names 17 & 18. 1939; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbenac., ed. 1, 62 & 87. 192; Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 95. 1945; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbenac., ed. 2, 11 & 178. 1949; Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. h, pr. 2, 34. 1958; Moldenke, Résumé 183 & 45. 1959; Moldenke, Phy- tologia 1h: 143 (1966), 1h: 228 (1967), 15: 2h (1967), and 21: 23h, 332, 452, & hk. 1971.
A shrub, 2--l m. tall; trunk about || cm. in diameter; branches Slender, terete, grayish- or reddish-brown, glabrous; young branchlets densely stellate-pubescent or -tomentose; petioles 2— mm. long, densely stellate-pubescent or -tomentose; leaf-blades membranous or chartaceous, lanceolate or narrow-lanceolate, 7—- 15 cm. long, 1--2 cm. wide, straight or somewhat falcate, gradu- ally and slenderly long-acuminate at the apex, denticulate along the margins, acute at the base, subglabrous above or with scat- tered and very short simple hairs, more or less densely stellate- pubescent beneath with simple (not plumose) rather pale or brow- ish hairs and with numerous, very minute, dark-colored or yellow to reddish glands; secondaries about 9 on each side, curvate- ascending, anastomosing; cymes axillary, solitary, about 2 cm. long, 2--2.5 cm. wide, rather dense, densely stellate-tomentose; pedicels very short; bracts subtending the primary branches of the inflorescence linear-lanceolate, 3 mm. long; bractlets sim- ilar, subulate, 1 mm. long; calyx cup-shaped, obscurely quadran- gular, about 1 mm. long, subglabrous, its rim shortly )-toothed; corolla 2 mm. long, the limb subequally l-lobed, the lobes 0.) mm. long, rounded; filaments 3 mm. long, exserted; anthers ellip- soid, 0.3 mm. long; drupes globose, 1.5 mm. in diameter when dry, pink or violet to purple when fresh.
This species is based on M. Ramos s.n. {Herb, Philip. Bur. Sci. 5739] from the Sablan River near Baguio, Benguet, Philippine Islands, and was deposited in the herbarium of the Bureau of Sci- ence at Manila, now destroyed. Merrill (1910) cites also Curran, Merritt, & Zschokke 18162, Darling s.n. [Herb. Philip. Forest Bur. 16574), and M. Ramos s.n. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 5790], and comments that the species is "Probably most closely allied to Callicarpa caudata Maxim., differing in its less dense and simply stellate, not plumose-stellate tomentum. It is well distinguish- ed by its narrow leaves which are very long and slenderly acumin-
16 PHYTO L.O:GeEh Vol. 22, now. 1
ate."
Lam (1919) comments that "This species seems to have — accor— ding to the description, since we could not examine any specimens of it —- a close affinity with our variety of C. caudata, or even to be identical with it. According to Merrill it has, how- ever, less hairy and narrower and longer leaves." The C. caudata var. glabriuscula H. J. Lam, to which he refers here, is regarded by me as belonging in the synonymy of typical C. dolichophylla Merr. Bakhuizen van den Brink (1921) reduces Cc. stenophylla to synonymy under what he calls C. pedunculata R. Br.
Recent collectors have found c.s C. stenophylla growing on fores- ted slopes and in pine regions, at altitudes of 665 to 1800 meters, flowering in February and March, and fruiting in April, August, September, and November to Jamuary . Vernacular names reported for it are "karangit" and "layop".
Material has been misidentified and distributed in herbaria under the name C. cuspidata Roxb. On the other hand, the Ramos & Edafio s.n. (Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 40505], distributed as ae a stenophylla, is actually C. caudata Maxim., while R. S. Williams 1158 is C. formosana f. angustata Moldenke.
In all, 18 herbarium specimens of C. stenophylla have been ex- amined by me.
Citations: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Luzon: Curran, Merritt, & Zschokke s.n. [Herb. Philip. Forest, Bur. 18162] (W711 72h); Fe. We Darling s.: sen. [Herb. Philip. Forest. Bur. 1657) (W--711370) 5 Haenke 7 (Ca—280928) ; M. Ramos s.n. (Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 5790] (W--629083), sen. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 27388] (W-—- 1376378), sen. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 33012] (N), son. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 40778] (Bz--17516, Ca—239385); Ramos & Edafio sen. (Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 26312] (W--1294731), s.n. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 37635] (Bz—-17519, W—-1260352), s.n. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 37679] (Bz—-17513, W--1260384), s.n. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 8504] (B, Bz—-1751h, Ca--322116, N, W-—-1551528).
CALLICARPA SUBALBIDA Elm., Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1: 337—-338. 1908. Synonymy: Callicarpa erioclona var. subalbida (Elm.) Bakh. in Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., ser. 3, 3: 19. 1921. Bibliography: Elm., Leafl. Philip. Bot. 1: 337--338 (1908) and 3: 862. 1910; Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. h, pr. 1, 3h. 1913; H. J. Lam, Verbenac. Malay. Arch. 49, 63--6, & 362. "1919; Bakh. in Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., ser. 3, oe 19. 19213; E. D. Merr., Enum. Philip. Flow. Pl. 3: 388. 1923; Eln., Leafl. Philip. Bot. 10: 3860. 1939; Moldenke, Prelim. Alph. List Inval- id Names 10. 19,0; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbenac., ed. 1, 62 & 87. 192; Moldenke "alph. List Invalid Names 9. 192; Moldenke, Alph. List Cit. fe 1259. 1949; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. *Verbenac., ed. 2, 11 & 178. 199; Prain, Ind. Kew.
1971 Moldenke, Monograph of Callicarpa 17
Suppl. 4, pr. 2, 3h. 1958; Moldenke, Résumé 183, 22, & 445. 1959; Moldenke, Phytologia 14: 179 (1966) and 21: 230. 1971.
Suberect shrub, 3--l m. tall; trunk to 10 cm. in diameter; wood soft, white; bark light- or ashy-gray; ultimate branchlets slender, more or less tetragonal, minutely gray-tomentose; leaves decussate-opposite, descending, about 5 cm. apart; petioles stout, ashy-gray, 1--1.7 cm. long or on larger leaves 3—l cm. long, subglabrous to slightly scurfy or mimtely gray-tomentose, wrinkled when dry; leaf-blades submembranous or chartaceous, flat, deep- but dull-green above, silvery-white beneath, oblong or el- liptic-oblong to broadly ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 11-25 cm. long, .3--12 cm. wide below the middle, gradually tapering on the upper half, slenderly long-acuminate or acute at the apex, entire along the margins or somewhat denticulate toward the apex, cuneate or subcuneate to somewhat rounded at the base, glabrous above, with a silvery-white covering of minute stellate hairs beneath; secondaries 7--13 on each side of the prominent midrib, ascending-curvate, quite prominent beneath, the connecting ter— tiaries rather numerous; inflorescences ascending; cymes in the axils of the upper leaves, about cm. long and 6 cm. wide, di- chotomously branched, gray and finely scurfy or mimtely gray- tomentose, the branches subtended by linear bracts 5 mm. long; peduncles about 1 cm. long, yellowish-lanate; flowers in little woolly clusters, 3--5 together, sessile, "caducous, on a woolly receptacle surrounded by a subwhorl of unequal lanose persistent involucral bracts", not odorous; calyx strongly turbinate, glandular—dotted, 1—2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide at the apex, some- what pubescent, its rim subentire or obscurely h-apiculate- toothed; corolla yellowish-white or white, cupuliform, 2 to nearly 3 mm. long, glabrous, the tube only a little longer than the calyx, the lobes each 1 m. long, obtuse at the apex, with little glands on the outer surface; stamens , about 3.5 mm. long, only slightly exserted; filaments slender, 2 mm. long, glabrous, inserted on the corolla, with a strong bend below the middle; anthers oblong, 1.25 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, basifixed, the apex emarginate, the base subcordately lobed, glutinous and covered with pale-yellow granules along the connective between the cells on both sides; style | mm. long if straightened out, glabrous, with a conspicuous double loop below the middle; stig- ma peltate or subdisciform, terminal; ovary subglobose, 0.75 mm. wide, densely yellow-glandulose on the upper half with sulphur- yellow granules, the lower half glabrous; drupes globose, 2 mm. in diameter, glabrous, blackish when dry, half enclosed by the fruiting calyx.
The type of this species was collected by Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer (no. 918) in humid woods on the road between Lucban and Sampaloc, at an altitude of 500 meters, Lucban, Tayabas, Luzon, Philippine Islands, in May, 1907. Elmer (19085 erroneously re- fers to the fruit as "berries", Bakhuizen van den Brink (1921) distinguishes his variety subalbida from typical C. erioclona
Schau. by ascribing to the variety the following characters:
18 Peay TO L/0'Gare Vol. 22, no. 1
"Folia oblonga vel elliptica, basi cuneata vel subrotundata, apice sensim longe acuminata, integerrima, 10-—-20 c.M. longa, 3. nae
c.M. lata; petiolus 1=2 c.M.; calyx sparse lanata margine sub- glabrescens; corolla subglabra." Lam (1919) says "This species seems to have a close affinity with the Y¥ -repanda-variety of C. erioclona" and cites McGregor 10269 from Polillo. I regard C. erioclona var. repanda (Warb.) H. J. Lam as a synonym of typical C. erioclona Schau.
Callicarpa subalbida has been found growing in woods and by creeks in forests, at altitudes of 10 to 500 meters, flowering in May and June, and. fruiting in May, June, and August In all, 15 herbarium specimens, including the type. collection, and 1 mounted photograph have been examined by me.
Citations: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Catanduanes: Ramos & Edafio s.n. (Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 75602] (Ca--k9391, N). Luzon: Elmer 918, (Bz—-17580--isotype, N--isotype, Vt--isotype); Ramos & & Edafio
sen. (Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 28969] (W--129l196). Mindanao: M. S. S. Clemens 1962 [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 15639] (Ca-—-238908, Ca— 268522, N) N). Mindoro: M. Ramos sen. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 41009] (Bz—17582, W--126176h), sen. (Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 41059] (Bz--17581, V, PO ~ Polillo: C. B. Robinson s.n. (Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 6861] (W--62953h); S Salvoza 235 [Herb. Philip. Forest. Bur. 29707] (Ca--256859) .
CALLICARPA SUBCANDIDA Elm., Leafl. Philip. Bot. 10: 3797--3798. 1939.
Bibliography: Elm., Leafl. Philip. Bot. 10: 3797--3798 & 3860. 1939; Hill & Salisb., Ind. Kew. Suppl. 10: 38. 197; Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 83. 198; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verben- a0o, @dei2s Thi& 173. 199; Moldenke, Résumé 183 & 5. 1959.
A lax undershrub; stems single or a few from the same root, ascending, branched. from below the middle, terete, about 3 m. tall and 2.5 cm. in diameter; wood dingy-white, soft, with a large white pith; bark brown, lenticellate, the hypodermis green; main branches ascending, laxly rebranched; twigs terete, 5 mm. in diameter, covered with a grayish-white indumentum; leaves com- paratively few, widely scattered and opposite, horizontal or de- scending; petioles stout, suberect, 2--l} cm. long, yellowish to gray, very short-tomentose, longitudinally canaliculate and ridged on the upper surface; leaf-blades submembranous or sub- chartaceous, green above but turning brown in drying, broadly lanceolate or suboblong, 15--25 cm. long, 6—9 cm. wide, gradu- ally tapering into the acute to acuminate apex, unequally short- dentate along the margins except for the entire subcuneate basal portion, entirely glabrous above, whitish and minutely papillate beneath; midrib prominent and covered with a grayish-white indu- mentum beneath, slightly impressed toward the base above; secon- daries 7--10 per side, ascending-curvate, less prominent than the midrib beneath; veinlet reticulation abundant, not visible above,
1971 Moldenke, Monograph of Callicarpa 19
the interstices mimutely stellate-punctate beneath; inflorescence in the axils of the leaves or of fallen leaves, densely corymbose- ly paniculate from near the base, abundantly rebranched and form- ing a dense mass 5 cm. wide, scurfy brown-pubescent when young, the numerous short and divaricate branchlets, as well as the short pedicels and even the calyx, turning gray when old; corolla creamy-white; drupes globose, 1.5—2 mm. in diameter, azure-blue, glabrate.
The type of this species was collected by Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer (no. 1512) in moist stony ground among thickets on a steep incline, at 750 meters altitude, Irosin (Mt. Bulusan), Sorsogon Province, Luzon, Philippine Islands, in November, 1915.
Elmer (1939) notes that "Evidently our specimen is best match- ed by Callicarpa nana Linn. [by which he doubtless meant C. cana
L.] or Callicarpa bicolor Schauer, but our leaves are larger,
longer petioled, more attemate toward the base and with a dif- ferent indumentum on the flowers."
Nothing is known to me of this species except what is stated in the bibliography listed above.
CALLICARPA SUBINTHGRA Merr., Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 12: 299— 300. 1917.
Bibliography: E. D. Merr., Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 12: 299— 300 & 382. 1917; E. D. Merr., Emum. Philip. Flow. Pl. 3: 388. 1923; A. W. Hill, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 6: 3h. 1926; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbenac., ed. 1, 62 & 87 (192) and ed. 2, 11 & 178. 1949; Moldenke, Résumé 183 & 45. 1959; Moldenke, Phytolo- gia 13: 499 (1966) and 21: 329 & 336. 1971.
A small tree, 2—5 m. tall; trunk to 6 cm. in diameter; branches terete, pale-brown, ultimately glabrous; younger branchlets very densely and uniformly stellate-puberulent, the hairs white or brownish-white; leaves decussate-opposite; petioles 1--1.5 cm. long, densely stellate-puberulent; leaf-blades chartaceous, lan- ceolate, 8--1l cm. long, 1.5-—-2 cm. wide, slenderly caudate-acum- inate at the apex, entire or distantly and obscurely denticulate along the margins, acute at the base, olivaceous and shiny above, glabrous above or with the midrib sometimes stellate—pubescent, the lower surface completely covered with a very dense and pale stellate-puberulent indumentum, no glands evident; secondaries a- bout 8 per side, arcuate-ascending, anastomosing, the primary re- ticulations distinct; cymes axillary, solitary, dichotomously branched, to 2.5 cm. long and )} cm. wide, all the parts very densely stellate-puberulent; peduncles to 1 cm. long; bractlets in the primary cyme-branches linear, to 5 mm. long; prophylla on the secondary cyme-branches similar but shorter; flowers densely crowded on the ultimate cyme-branches, sessile or subsessile; calyx 1.5 mm. wide, externally densely pale-puberulent, its rim truncate or minutely and obscurely l-toothed; corolla about 2.5 mm. long, glabrous, its limb l-lobed, the lobes broadly ovate, about 1 mm. long, obtuse at the apex; anthers about 1 mm. long, exserted; style glabrous, about ) mm. long; young drupes ellipsoid or obov-
20 PUY TO Li OrGetek Vol. 22, now 1
oid, 2.5--3 mm. wide, glabrous, black when dry.
The type of this species was collected by Maximo Ramos and Gregorio E. Edafio (Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 26619) on dry slopes, at about 200 meters altitude, on Mount Dingalan, in Tayabas Pro- vince, Luzon, Philippine Islands, on August 25, 1916, and was de- posited in the herbarium of the Philippine Bureau of Science at Manila, but is now destroyed. A vernacular name for the species is "marataringao".
Merrill (1917) comments that "In some respects this species resembles Callicarpa angusta Schauer, from which it is readily distinguished by its denser indumentum, its entire or but slightly toothed leaves, fewer nerves, and longer petioles. Its true al- liance is with Callicarpa longipetiolata Merr., from which it is at once distinguished by its differently shaped, narrow, caudate— acuminate leaves."
This plant resembles C. longipetiolata var. glabrescens Mol- denke in its leaf characters, but in that variety the inflores- cences are much longer-pedunculate and more massive.
Callicarpa subintegra has been found growing on damp forested slopes, flowering in April, July, and October, and fruiting in July and November. Material has been misidentified and distrib- uted in herbaria under the names C. angusta Schau. and C. pentan- dra var. paloensis f. celebica (Koord.) Bakh.
In all, 12 herbarium specimens, including type material, and 2 mounted photographs of C. subintegra have been examined by me.
Citations: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Luzon: Loher 12312 (Ca——2)3062); M. Ramos sen. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 40767] (Bz—18605, W—— 126162) ; Ram Ramos & Edafio s.n. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 26619] (Bz— 1860)—isotype, N--isotype, N—photo of isotype, Z--photo of iso- type), Sn. (Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 29707] (Bz—-18603, N, W-
1376380), s sen. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 48530] (B, Bz—-18602, Ca— 321340, N).
CALLICARPA SUBINTEGRA var. PARVA Merr., Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 12: 300. 1917.
Bibliography: E. D. Merr., Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 12: 300 & 382. 1917; E. D. Merr., Enum. Philip. Flower. Pl. 3: 388. 1923; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbenac., ed. 1, 62 & 87. 192; Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 95. 1945; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbense., ed. 2, 1)1 & 178. 199; Moldenke, Résumé 183 & 5. 1959.
Merrill (1917) distinguishes this variety as follows: "A typo differt foliis minoribus, leviter acuminatis, haud caudato-acum- inatis. Foliis 5 ad 7 cm longis, 1 ad 1.5 cm latis",
The variety is based on Ramos & Edafio s.n. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 26465] from forested slopes at about 350 meters altitude on Mount Umingan, in Nueva Ecija Province, Luzon, Philippine Islands, collected on August 13, 1916, and originally deposited in the her— barium of the Philippine Bureau of Science at Manila, now unfor-
1971 Moldenke, Monograph of Callicarpa 21
tunately destroyed. A vernacular name recorded for the plant is "maratarifigau".
In all, only a single herbarium specimen (but that fortunately being of the type collection) has been examined by me.
Citations: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Luzon: Ramos & Edafio sen. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 26465] (N--isotype).
CALLICARPA SUBPUBESCENS Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beech. Voy. 305. 1838 (not C. subpubescens Maxim., 1918].
Synonymy: Callicarpa boninensis Hayata, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30 (1): [Mater. Fl. Formos.] 218. 1911.
Bibliography: Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beech. Voy. 305. 1838; Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. h: 129. 1845; Schau. in A. DC., Prodr. 11: 66. 187; Maxim., M61. Biol. 12: 504 & 507. 1886; Maxim., Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. 32: 77. 1887; J. Matsum., Bot. Mag. Tokyo 3: 318. 1889; Jacks. in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Kew., pr. 1, 1: 386. 1893; Briq. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 1, (3a): 166. 1895; Hayata, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30 (1): [Ma- ter. Fl. Form.] 218. 1911; Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 5, pr. 1, 43. 1912; J. Matsum., Ind. Pl. Jap. 2 (2): 529—530. 1912; Koidz., Bot. Mag. Tokyo 32: 56. 1918; P. C. Standl., Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: 1253. 192); Hosokawa, Journ. Soc. Trop. Agr. Taiwan 6: 205. 1934; Moldenke in Fedde, Repert. Spec. Nov. 0: )O & 118. 1936; Bullock & Marquand, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1938: 399. 1938; Tuyama, Journ. Jap. Bot. 16: 376. 1940; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbenac., ed. 1, 61, 86, & 87. 192; Jacks. in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Kew., pr. 2, 1: 386. 196; Hara, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 1: 185. 1948; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbenac., ed. 2, 140, 177, & 178. 1949; Moldenke, Phytologia 3: 296. 1950; Anon., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bot. Subj. Index 15: 135). 1958; Moldenke, Ré- sumé 182, 2h1, 415, & 445. 1959; Anon., Kew Bull. Gen. Index 1929- 1956, 59. 1959; Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 5, pr. 2, 3. 1960; Jacks. in Hook. f. & Jacks., Ind. Kew., pr. 3, 1: 386. 1960; Molcenke, Résumé Suppl. 4: 8. 1962; Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 43 (1966), 1h: 167 (1966), and 1h: 235 & 236. 1967; Tuyama, Pl. Bonin Isls. 98. 1968; Hara, Outline Phytogeogr. Jap. 87. 1969; Moldenke, Phytologia 21: 332, 385, & 386. 1971.
Illustrations: Tuyama, Journ. Jap. Bot. 16: 376. 190.
The original description of this species by Hooker & Arnott (1838) is "foliis oblongo-lanceolatis utrinque attematis petiola- tis serratis glabris adultis sparse stellato-pubescentibus, pedun- culis axillaribus petiolum aequantibus, floribus copiosis cymosis. Leaves, including the petiole, nearly a span long, two inches broad at the widest part, closely serrated."
The species is said to be a native of Mexico by Hooker & Arnott (1838), Walpers (1845), Schauer (187), Jackson (1893), and Stand- ley (1924), but is credited to the Bonin Islands by Maximowicz (1886, 1887), Matsumura (1889, 1912), Moldenke (1936, 192, 199, 1959), Bullock & Marquand (1938), and Hara (198). In this regard Bullock & Marquand (1938) have the following very pertinent con- ments: "As stated by Hooker & Arnott in Bot. Beechey Voy. 275
22 rey. TO LO Gri Vol. 22, no. 1
(1839-0), the localities of the Mexican plants listed were some- times doubtful, as the same species was sometimes also found in packets of plants from Bonin and Loo Choo, in the North Pacific. That a wrong locality was given seems to be established beyond doubt in the case of Callicarpa subpubescens (op. cit. 305), which was said to come from Tepic. The Beechey specimens in Herb. Hook. and Herb. Benth. have the locality Bonin written by Bentham himself, and were transferred, apparently by the late Dr. Stapf, to their proper places in the Kew Herbarium, and identified with other Bonin specimens. The species was listed as samewhat doubt- fully Mexican by Standley on page 1253 of his 'Trees and Shrubs of Mexico.'"
Maximowicz (1886) says "Species a Hookero et Arnott quidem in- ter mexicanas describitur, sed a Hemsley in Biol. centr. amer. II. haud enumeratur, ex qua re patet, tantum confusione schedularum patriam Mexico indicatam, revera autem plantam e Bonin-sima alla- tam fuisse". He cites a Small s.n. and Yatabe s.n. from "ad col- lium latera" and describes the plant as "frutex dumosus floribus purpureis".
The plant has been found growing at altitudes of 75 to 200 feet, flowering in June and July. The common names "shima murasaki", "shima-murasaki", and "softwood" have been recorded for it. The original Hooker & Arnott reference is cited as "181" by Hara (1948) and as "1839-0" by Bullock & Marquand (1938), but pages 289--38) of that work were published in 1838.
Matsumura reduces this species to synonymy under C. glabra Koidz., but it is C. subpubescens Maxim. apud Koidz., Bot. Mag. Tdkyo 32: 56, in syn. (1918) that belongs in that synonymy.
Material of C. subpubescens has been misidentified and distrib— uted in herbaria under the names C. cana L. and C. dichotoma Juss. On the other hand, the Mexia 1108, distributed as C. subpubescens, is actually C. acuminata H.B.K.
In all, 7 herbarium specimens of C. subpubescens have been ex- amined by me.
Citations: BONIN ISLANDS: Chichijima: Kondo 18 (Bi), 4h (Bi); A. R. Mead s.n. [Kondo 117] (Bi), s.n. [Kondo 117a] (Bi), s.n. [Kondo 117b] (Bi). Island undetermined: C. Wright s.n. [Bonin Is- lands] (T, W—-9962, W--9971). inausl ;
CALLICARPA SUPERPOSITA Merr., Philip. Journ. Sci. 30: 86--87. 1926.
Bibliography: E. D. Merr., Philip. Journ. Sci. 30: 86--87. 1926; A. W. Hill, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 8: 37. 1933; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbenac., ed. 1, 6 & 87 (191,23 and ed. 2, 145 & 178. 1949; Moldenke, Résumé 192 & 5. 1959; Van Steenis, Blumea 15: 149. 1967; Moldenke, Phytologia 20: 95 (1971) and 21: 39, )0,
109, & 49h. 1971.
Merrill's original (1926) description of this species is "Fru- tex circiter 3 m altus plus mimusve ferrugineo-villosus, indumen- to haud stellato; ramis ramulisque teretibus, ramulis circiter 2 mm diametro; foliis chartaceis vel membranaceis, lanceolatis, in
LOT ore Moldenke, Monograph of Callicarpa 23
siccitate olivaceis, opacis, 15 ad 20 cm longis, ) ad 5 cm latis, longissime temiter caudato-acuminatis, deorsum angustatis, basi rotundato-truncatis, circiter 1 cm latis, margine perspicue cre- nato-dentatis, dentibus plerumque apiculatis, utrinque plus minus- ve villosis, subtus glandulosis; nervis primariis utrinque 10 ad 12, tenuibus, perspicuis, curvato-adscendentibus; petiolo dense villoso, 5 ad 8 m longo; cymis solitariis, pedunculatis, dichot- omis, perspicue ferrugineo-villosis, 3 ad 5 mm supra axillis in- sertis, circiter 3 cm longis latisque, pedunculo 1 ad 1.5 cm longo; floribus numerosis, calycis 1 ad 1.2 mm longis, obscure }- dentatis, extus leviter pubescentibus; corolla 2.5 mm longa, ex- tus obscure puberula, subaequaliter l-lobata; staminibus 4, fila- mentis 3 mm longis, antheris ellipsoideis, circiter 0.6 mm longis; ovarium glabrum, styli 5 mm longi; fructibus globosis, glabris, circiter 2 mm diametro. BRITISH NORTH BORNEO, Simporna, No. 1227, 1236 (type) D. D. Wood, col. B. Evangelista, July 14, 192), grow- ing at sea level. A species readily distinguishable among the numerous species of this genus through its simple, not at all stellate indumentum, the weak, elongated, jointed hairs being either pale or ferruginous, as well as by its lanceolate, long caudate-acuminate leaves and its solitary cymes being inserted some distance above the axils. In aspect it resembles the Phil- ippine Callicarpa lancifolia Merr. and C. stenophylla Merr., but is remote from both." The type was deposited in the herbarium of the Philippine Bureau of Science at Manila, but is now unfortun- ately destroyed.
Van Steenis (1967) says that the species is related to C. bar- bata Ridl., C, fulvohirsuta Merr., C. havilandii (King & Gamble) H. J. Lam, and C, saccata Steen., but to me it appears most close- ly related to C. caudata Maxim.
Material of C. superposita has been misidentified and distrib- uted in herbaria as C. longifolia Lam.
Thus far only a single herbarium specimen of C. superposita, albeit one cited by Merrill himself, has been examined by me.
Citations: GREATER SUNDA ISLANDS: Sabah: Evangelista s.n. [D.
D. Wood 1227] (Ca—~239820).
aoe SURIGAENSIS Merr., Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3: 362. 1908.
Synonymy: Callicarpa longivillosa Merr., Philip. Journ. Sci. 17: 313. 1920. Callicarpa pentandra var. cumingiana f. suriga- ensis (Merr.) Bakh. in Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., ser. 3, 3: 16—-17. 1921. Callicarpa surigaénsis Merr. ex Molden- ke, Alph. List Common Vern. Names 2 & 7. 1939.
Bibliography: E. D. Merr., Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 3: 262. 1908; Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. h, pr. 1, 3h. 1913; H. J. Lam, Ver- benac. Malay. Arch. 50, 79, & 362. 1919; E. D. Merr., Philip. Journ. Sci. 17: 313. 1920; Bakh. in Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., ser. 3, 3: 16-17. 1921; E. D. Merr., Enum. Philip.
2h PHY, 10 LOG sk Vol. 22, no. 1
Flow. Pl. 3: 386 & 388. 1923; A. W. Hill, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 7: 36. 1929; Moldenke, Alph. List Common Vern. Names 2 & 7. 1939; Mol- denke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbenac., ed. 1, 62 & 87. 192; Moldenke, Alph. List Invalid Names 10. 192; Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 95. 1945; Moldenke, Known Geogr. Distrib. Verbenac., ed. 2, 141, 177, & 178. 1949; Moldenke, Phytologia : 268 (1953) and 5: 28. 1954; Prain, Ind. Kew. Suppl. h, pr. 2, 3h. 1958; Moldenke, résumé 183, 245, 2h6, & lS. 1959.
A small tree, about 8 m. tall; branches and branchlets densely stellate-tomentose with ferruginous hairs and with numerous long hirsute hairs interspersed; leaves decussate-opposite; petioles about 1 cm. long, densely hirsute and stellate-tomentose with ferruginous hairs; leaf-blades subcoriaceous, oblong-ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 10--15 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, gradually nar- rowed above into a long and slender caudate acumen at the apex, minutely denticulate along the margins, acute at the base, rather densely hirsute on the midrib and secondaries above, with scatter— ed hairs on the lamina, paler and densely ferruginous-stellate-— villous beneath and with scattered long hairs on the midrib and secondaries; secondaries about 7 per side, prominent beneath; vein and veinlet reticulation distinct; cymes axillary, peduncu- late, to cm. long, densely ferruginous—-hirsute; calyx about 3 mm. long, externally densely villous, its rim l-toothed; corolla red, about 5 mm, long, glabrous, its limb l-lobed, the lobes about 2 mm.long, obtuse at the apex; stamens |; filaments subequal, a- bout mm. long; anthers about 2 mm. long; style 7 mm. long; stig- ma capitate; ovary glandulose.
This species is based on W. B. Allen 168 and Ahern 318, as co- type collections, both from Surigao Province, Mindanao, Philippine Islands, the former collected in July, 1907, and the latter in May, 1901, both originally deposited in the herbarium of the Phil- ippine Bureau of Science at Manila, but unfortunately both now de- stroyed. Merrill (1908) comments that this is "A species well characterized by its dense stellate-tomentose and hirsute, ferrug- inous indumentum." Callicarpa longivillosa is based on Ramos & Pascasio s.n. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 34538], also from Mindanao, Philippine Islands, and also originally deposited in the herbarium of the Philippine Bureau of Science at Manila, now destroyed through the misfortunes of war.
Recent collectors have found this plant growing in forests along streams at low altitudes, flowering in April and May. Vernacular names recorded for it are "alingtutifigau" and "buyakan",.
Bakhuizen van den Brink (1921), in reducing this species to mere form rank, gives the following distinguishing characters for it: “Ramuli subteretes, tenuisculi; foliorum oppositorum paria singula cum foliis 1--2 alternantia, saepe folia omnia, oblonga vel lanceo- lata-oblonga, basi acuta, raro cuneata apice sensim in acumen caudato-attenuata, minutissime serrato-denticulata, adulta supra dense ferrugineo-hirsuta, subtus subdense, molliter pilis stellatis uniformiter tomentosa, siccando ferruginea 10--15 c.M. longa, 3.5—— 1 c.M. lata; nervis lateralibus utrinque 7--10; petiolus 1--2 c.M.
1971 Moldenke, Monograph of Callicarpa 25
longus; cymae minusculae, 3—l c.M. longae; pedunculus 1.2—5 c.M. longus, calyx breviter )—5-dentatus extus dense ferrugineo- hirsutus. © 0.3 csM. altus fructifer paulo auctus cupuliformis, drupam inferius dimidium amplectens; corolla )—-5-laciniata, extus glabra +o.5 c.M. alta; stamina l\—5, longe exserta+ 0. c.M. longa; antherae lanceolato-oblongae t0.2 c.M. longae drupa sub-— depresse globosa, mediocris, matura (rubra) ()—5-hocularis, loc- ulis bipartitis locellis monospermis; semina (l)—-5--(8)—10."
If the characters enumerated by Bakhuizen van den Brink are accurately stated, it would appear that this species should be placed in the genus Geunsia. Material actually has been identi- fied and distributed in herbaria under the names Callicarpa pen- tandra var. pubescens f. cumingiana (Schau.) Bakh. and Geunsia farinosa Blume.
In all, 11 herbarium specimens, including type material of all the names involved, and 8 mounted photographs of Callicarpa suri- gaensis have been examined by me.
Citations: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Dinagat: Ramos & Convocar s.n. (Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 83993] (Bz—18607), s.n. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 84082] (Bz—-18606). Mindanao: Ahern 318 (W—L45256— cotype, W—))5257—cotype, W—)l5663—-cotype, Z—-cotype, Z——photo of cotype), 318Q [N. Y. Bot. Gard. Photos Neg. E.4200] (Bz—18211 —cotype, N-—-photo of cotype, N--photo of cotype, Z--photo of cotype); Ramos & Pascasio s.n. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 3379]
(W—1263620), s.n. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 3538] (Bz—18210, N— photo, N—photo, Z--photo, Z—-photo), s.n. [Herb. Philip. Bur. Sci. 34545] (Ca—-2121)9, W—1263678).
CALLICARPA TAKAKUMENSIS Hatusima, Journ. Jap. Bot. 2: 81. 199.
Bibliography: Hatusima, Journ. Jap. Bot. 2h: 81. 1949; Molden- ke, Phytologia 3: 306. 1950; E. J. Salisb., Ind. Kew. Suppl. 11: 40. 19535; Moldenke, Résumé 172 & 5. 1959; Kitamura & Okamoto Col. Illustr. Trees & Shrubs Jap. 220. 1960; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. 76h & 998. 1965; Okuyama, Journ. Jap. Bot. 2: 218. 1967; Moldenke, Phy- tologia 21: 35 & h2. 1971.
Hatusima's original (199) description of this plant is "Frutex ramuli subtetragoni glabrati circ. 2 m crassi. Folia oblongo- lanceolata utrinque acuminata in sicco membranacea, circ. 10-18 cm longa 2.5--3.7 cm lata, margine obscure minuteque denticulata, supra costa nervisque cinereo-puberula cetera glabra, subtus glab- rata dense minuteque glandulosa, nervis lateralibus 12--1 arcuato- ascendentibus. Petioli circ 1 cm longi pubescentes. Cymae axil- lares pedunculatae circ. 3 cm latae, pedunculis circ. 1.3 cm lon- gis 0.5 cm crassis breviter pubescens. Calyx circ. 0.6 m latus glaber, corolla circ. 1 mm longa eytus puberula sed eglandulosa, antheris corollam circ. duplo superantibus."
The type of the species was collected by T. Kameda on Mount Takakuma, in Ohsumi Province, Kyushu, Japan, in August, 19)2. Hatusima (1949) comments that "This is closely related to C. lon
26 Pe ¥)- 5:0 -L) OpGe Tk Vol. 22, no. 1
gifolia var. longissima Hemsl. from Formosa, but differs from it by its glabrous branchlets and leaves, and its smaller flowers. This is also near to C. shikokiana Mak., but easily distinguishable from it by its longer leaves with obscure serration, its glabrous branchlets, and its much smaller flowers without glands." A com- mon name recorded for it is "Takakuma-murasaki",.
Ohwi (1965) refers to the species as "rare" and separates it from two similar taxa as follows (with his nomenclature brought up-to-date) :
1. Leaves caudate, glandular dotted on both sideS...ssscccccscece C. japonica var. luxurians.
la. Leaves acuminate to acute, glandular—dotten on the underside
only.
2. Cymes supra-axillary; anthers broadly ellipsoidal.....ccssee C. dichotoma.
2a. Cymes axillary. oS Slat mc 3. Corolla 1 mm. long, not glandular—dotted; branches slight-
ly l-angled; leaves with 12—1l) pairs of veins..........
C. takakumensis.
3a. Corolla 3—5 mm. long, glandular—dotted; branches terete; leaves with 5--9 pairs of veins.....++ese+eeCe japonica.
Callicarpa takakumensis is known to me only from the literature
cited above.
CALLICARPA TIKUSIKENSIS Masam., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formos. 30: 64-65. 190.
Bibliography: Masam., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formos. 30: 6— 65. 1940; H.-T. Chang, Act. Phytotax. Sin. 1: 308. 1951; E. J. Salisb., Ind. Kew. Suppl. 11: 0. 1953; Li, Wood. Fl. Taiwan 82) & 9. 1963; Moldenke, Résumé Suppl. 8: 3. 196).
Masamune's original (190) description of this taxon is "Fru- tex ca. 1m altus. Rami validiusculi cinerascentes, juveniles stellato-tomentosi. Folia opposita petiolata, (petiolis ca. 5 mm longis cinerascenteo-stellato-tomentosis) ovato-elliptica, ovato-lanceolata vel rhomboideo-elliptica, chartacea 3 x1, 6 x 2, 7x 2, 8 x 2.5 vel 9 x 2.5 cm magna apice acuminata vel cuspidato- acuminata vel acuta, basi cuneata, obtusa vel vix rotundata mar- gine mimute apiculato-serrata, costis subtus prominente supra lev- iter elevatis, venis primariis utrimque latere 6--9 suboppositis, ad costam venasque stellato-tomentosa et sparse hirsuta, supra pubescentia subtus pallidiora et subglabra. Cymae axillares sub- dense racemosae, ramis divaricatis, stellato-tomentosis, pedicel- lis ca. 1.5 mm longis; bracteis minutis subulatis. Drupa globo- sa purpurea ca. ) mm crasa, pyrenis saepe 3 ellipticis dorso con- vexis ventrali concavis albo-flavis ca 2 mm longis 1.5 mm latis."
A common name recorded for the plant by Masamune is "Tikusi- murasakisikibu", and the type is T. Nakamura 3968 from Tikusiki, Sitisei-gun, Taihoku-syu, Formosa, collected on October 7, 1939, and deposited in the herbarium of the University of Tokyo. Also cited by Masamune (19,0) is T. Nakamura 3956 from Formosa. The
aly Moldenke, Monograph of Callicarpa 27
species has been collected in fruit in October. Li (1963) refers to the species as "insufficiently known". I know nothing of it beyond what is stated in the bibliography cited above.
CALLICARPA TINGWUENSIS Chang, Act. Phytotax. Sin. 1: 273 & 302-- 303, fig. 3—5. 1951.
Bibliography: H.-T. Chang, Act. Phytotax. Sin. 1: 273 & 302— 303, fig. 3—5. 1951; Moldenke, Résumé Suppl. 1): 3. 1966; G. Tay- lor, Ind. Kew. Suppl. 13: 21. 1966; Moldenke, Phytologia 20: 99. 1971.
Tllustrations: H.-T. Chang, Act. Phytotax. Sin. 1: 273, fig. 3—5. 1951.
Chang's original (1951) description of this species is "Frutex 1.5 m altus. Ramuli juveniles fulvello-stellato-tomentosi. Folia chartacea elliptica vel oblongo-elliptica, 1)—-20 cm longa, 5— 8.5 cm lata, apice acuminata vel breviter acuminata, basi late cuneata vel obtusa, margine in parte 1/2 superiore denticulata, dentibus breviter calloso-apiculatis, supra costis exceptis vir~— idia glabra, subtus pallidiora stellato-pubescentia, nervis utrin- secus 10—-12 supra planis subtus elevatis; petioli 1--1.5 cm longi, stellato-pubescentes. Cymae axillares dense multiflorae, 2—-2.5 cm latae, pedunculatae, pedunculis circ. 5 mm longis, pil- is eis ramlorum similiter obtectis, pedicellis 1—1.5 m longis sparsissime puberulis; bracteae et bracteolae subulatae; calyx 1 mm longus parcissime stellato-puberulus, subtruncatus; corolla alba, tubo 3--l mm longo, lobis late ovatis circ. 1 m longis; stamina prope basin corollae inserta, filamentis corolla subaequi- longis, antheris 1.5 mm longis exsertis; ovarium dense stellato- pubescens, stylo 5--6 mm longo. Fructus globosus 3 mm diametro, parce stellato—puberulus."
The species is based on H.-T. Chang 321 from Canton, Kwang- tung, China, deposited in the herbarium of the Botanical Insti- tute, Sunyatsen University, Canton. Cited also by Chang (1951) are Gilchrist 30 and Tsiang 10999 from the same province. The species is said to be related to C. brevipes (Benth.) Hance and to C. collina Diels. It is known to me only from the literature
cited above.
CALLICARPA TOMENTOSA (L.) Murr. in L., Syst. Veg., ed. 12 ["13"], 130. 1774 [not C. tomentosa Auct,, 1962, nor Bakh., 1932, nor Hook. & Arn., 1918, nor L. ex Moldenke, 1959, nor L. ex Spreng., 1825, nor Lam & Bakh., 1951, nor Lam., 1783, nor sensu auct. japon., 1965, nor sensu Matsum., 1964, nor sensu Matsum. & Hayata, 1963, nor Thunb., 1959, nor Vahl, 1919, nor Willd., 1809].
Synonymy: Tondi teregam Rheede in Rheede & Mumnicks, Hort. Ind. Malab. ): 123--12),. 1683. Téndi-teregam Rheede in Rheede & Mun- nicks, Hort. Ind. Malab. : pl. 60. 1683. Tondi-teregam Rheede ex Ray, Hist. Pl. 2: 1787. 1693. Illa P. Herm., Mus. Zeyl., ed. 1, ll. 1717. Arbor malabarica Illa dicta Burm., Thes. Zeyl. 26. 1737.
28 PHY T 0 LO GEA Vol. 22, nd»,2
Tomex tomentosa L. ex Dassaw, Nov. Gen. Pl. Zeyl. 5. 1747. Tomex tomentos. L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 897. 1759. Callicarpa lana- ta L., Mant. Pl. Alt. 331. 1767 [not C. lanata Gamble, 1889, nor Hosséus, 1912, nor H. J. Lam, 190, nor Lam., 1821, nor Ridl., 1966, nor Schau., 1870, nor Vahl, 187, nor Walp., 1921, nor Zipp., 1841]. Callicarpa fol. integerrimis lanatis L. ex J. A. Murr. in L., Syst. Veg., ed. 12 ["13"], 130, in syn. 177). Cor- nutia corymbosa Lam., Dict. Encycl. Bot. 1: 5y—-55. 1783 [not Cormitia corymbosa Burm. f., 1768]. Callicarpa integrifolia L. ex [Retz.], Nom. Bot. 35, nom. nud. 1772; Retz., Obx. Bot. 5: 2, in syn. 1789 [not C. integrifolia Champ., 1890, nor Forbes & Hem- sl., 1932, nor Jacq., 1780]. Callicarpa foliis integerrimis lanatis L. ex Gaertn., Fruct. & Sem. Pl. 2: 81, in syn. 1791. Callicarpa foliis ovatis basi rotundatis integerrimis subdenticu-
Willd., Linn. Sp. Pl. 1: 620, in syn. 1797. Tondi-caravatti Rheede ex Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Méth. Bot. 7: 697, in syn.
1806. Callicarpa tomex Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Méth. Suppl. 2:
32. 1811. Callicarpa tomentosa Murr. ex Steud., Nom. Bot., ed.
1, 137, in syn. 1821. Callicarpa lanata Willd. ex Ainslie, Mat. Ind. 2: 180--182. 1826. Callicarpa farinosa Roxb. ex Wall., Numer, List 87, hyponym. 1831 [not C. farinosa Sieb., 1865, nor Sieb. & Zucc., 1971]. Callicarpa lamata Roxb. ex J. Grah., Cat. Pl. Bombay 156. 1839. Callicarpa wallichiana Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 125. 1845. Callicarpa lanata Wall. ex Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. [Fl. Ind. Bat.] 2: 890, in syn. 1856. Tondi-teregam Poir. ex Hassk., Hort. Malab. Rheed. Clav. 38, in syn. 1867. Calli- carpa arborea Miq. ex C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 567, in syn. 1885 [not C. arborea Merr., 1940, nor Roxb.,
181), nor Wall., 1829]. Callicarpa tamentosa L. ex E. Balf., Cyclop. Ind., ed. 3, 1: 550, in syn. 1885. Callicarpa lobata C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India : 566. 1885. Callicarpa sp. n. 27 Hook. f. & Thoms. ex C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 567, in syn. 1885. Callicarpa cana Dalz. & Gibs. ex Watt, Dict. Econ, Prod. India 2: 26, in syn. 1889 [not C. cana Gamble, 1889, nor L., 1771, nor Sprang., 1866, nor Vahl, 1866, nor Wall., 1863]. Callicarpa lanata var. typica H. J. Lam, Verben- ac. Malay, Arch, 81. 1919. Callicarpa wallichiana Miq. ex Bakh. in Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., ser. 3, 3: 21, in syn. 1921. Callicarpa tomentosa var. lanata (L.) Bakh. in Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., ser. 3, 3: 21--22. 1921. Callicarpa tomentosa var. typica Bakh, in Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Bui- tenz., ser. 3, 3: 21. 1921. Tondi teregam Ray apud Bakh. in Lam & Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., ser. 3, 3: 21, in syn. 1921. Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) Santapau ex Sen & Naskar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 7: 38. 1965. [to be continued]
PARMELIA SQUARROSA, A NEW SPECIES IN SECTION PARMELIA
Mason E. Hale, Jr. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560
Parmelia squarrosa Hale, sp. nov. POP RL PPP APPL OL POD APPL PL PL OP OPEL
Thallus ut in P. saxatili (L.) Ach. sed differt rhizinis squarrose ramosis atque acidum lobaricum nunquam continente.
Holotype: On Quercus alba L., about 300 m south of the Up- per Hawksbill parking area, Shenandoah National Park, Madison Co., Virginia, collected by M. E. Hale, no. 36949 (US; isotypes to be distributed in Fasc. V, Lichenes Americani Exsiccati).
The chief morphological feature of P. squarrosa is the rich- ly squarrosely branched rhizines in contrast to the uniformly simple unbranched rhizines of P. saxatilis. This type of rhizine is species-specific in section Parmelia, known so far in P. sul- cata Tayl. and the common Asian P. fertilis Mull. Arg., as well as in twelve other rarer species.
Other morphological differences between P. squarrosa and P. saxatilis are less distinctive and may reflect the different ecological conditions under which they grow. Parmelia squarrosa is a temperate species with a light mineral gray, sometimes even white pruinose color and elongate lobes; P. saxatilis, a boreal and arctic species, tends to turn brownish and to have shorter crowded lobes and a shiny cortex. Isidial formation is essen- tially the same except for a tendency toward greater marginal growth in P. squarrosa. Both species produce atranorin in the cortex and salazinic acid in the medulla, but while P. saxatilis often produces lobaric acid in the medulla, especially in Europe and eastern North America, this acid has not been demonstrated in any specimens of P. squarrosa on thin-layer chromatographic plates.
Parmelia squarrosa is one of the commonest lichens in the Great Lakes-Appalachian region where it had previously been identified as P. saxatilis. It occurs from southern Maine to northern Alabama and Georgia with two records so far from Arkan- sas and southern Missouri. In the Great Lakes it occurs as far north as the Canadian border and in the southern part of western Ontario. It is extremely rare in northern California, Oregon, and southern Alaska. Outside of North America it is very com- mon in Japan and Korea and is known from Nepal.
29
FIVE NEW PARMELIAE FROM TROPICAL AMERICA
Mason E. Hale, Jr. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560
In continuation of my monographic studies of Parmelia I am describing the following four species and one name as new. Chem- ical constituents were determined with thin-layer chromatography (Brinkmann pre-coated plates in two solvent systems: benzene- dioxane-acetic acid (90:25:4) and hexane-ether-formic acid (9:4: 1), sprayed with 10% H)SO, and heated 10 minutes as 110°C).
Parmelia chicitae Hale, sp. nov. SOP PP LLP PPPSII OLD LOL OLD
Thallus laxe adnatus, saxicola vel terricola, fragilis, 4-8 cm latus, albidus vel obscurascens, lobis linearibus, 1.5-2.0 mm latis, superne planus, nitidus, sorediis isidiisque destitutis, cortex superior 12-15y crassus, stratum gonidiale 20-30u crassun, medulla alba, 75-85 crassa, cortex inferior 20u crassus, subtus niger, dense rhizinosus, rhizinis sparse vel dense dichotome fur- catis, ab margine projectis. Apothecia rara, adnata, 3-6 mm dia- metro, sporis octonis, 5X6-7u; pycnidia numerosa, usque ad 20Qu diametro.
Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow (atranorin); medulla K-, C+, KC+ rose, P- (evernic acid, lecanoric acid, obtusatic acid, and nor- obtusatic acid). Chemistry of all specimens determined by Dr. Chicita Culberson, for whom the species is named.
Holotype: On rock, along the Carretera Inter-Americana at Asuncién (3,335 m), Cerro de la Muerte, Costa Rica, W. L. Culber- son, no. 13210, 28 March 1967 (US; isotypes in DUKE, TNS) (Fig. 1S)
Nonsorediate KC+ red Hypotrachynas so common in tropical America Soha contain alectoronic acid (e.g., P. lineariloba Kurok. gigas Kurok.). I had long puzzled over the chemistry of this eee because in spite of the KC+ rose color test it did not contain alectoronic acid. In the meantime Dr. Culberson had an opportunity to analyse some Costan Rican collections and was able to unravel the very complex chemistry. The significance of this species, according to Dr. Culberson, is that it falls mid- way in biogenetic chemical evolution between the species with evernic acid (P. pulvinata Fée, P. rockii Zahlbr.) and those with barbatic and SpEGssEre acids (P. boliviana Nyl. group). Parmelia chicitae is not common and appears to be restricted to higher ele- vations in the American tropics.
30
1972 Hale, Five new Parmeliae 31
Additional specimens examined. Costa Rica: Cerro de la Muerte, Crosby 3932 (DUKE, US). Venezuela: Sierra de Sto. Do- mingo, Merida, Dennis 1940 (BM, US). Peru: Mito, Bryan 364 (F, US).
Parmelia commensurata Hale, sp. nov. LL LOLLLLLLLLOLLLOOOOO™
Thallus ut in P. reticulata Tayl. sed differt norlobarido- num continente.
Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow (atranorin); medulla K-, P-, C-, KC+ rose (norlobaridone, neoloxodic acid).
Holotype: On Acacia, 9 km E Jalapa on highway 140, elev. 1240 m, M. E. Hale, no. 19405, 13 March 1960 (US; isotypes in TNS, USI (hie. 2).
Parmelia commensurata is superficially very close to P. re- ticulata and is classified with it in section Irregulares. The soralia are coarse and rather broad along the margins, and there is a tendency for the lobes to become revolute as in P. _perlata (Huds.) Ach. Rhizines are quite dense, short, and sparsely squarrosely branched. The medulla is negative except for the rather weak KC test but the constituents are easily identified on thin-layer plates. In contrast P. reticulata is strongly K+ red and contains salazinic acid.
The nonsorediate counterpart is P. homotoma Nyl. (Type: Brazil, Weddel, in H), which also contains norlobaridone as one would predict from Vainio's report of a KC+ red color test. Both species are quite rare in tropical America.
Additional specimens examined. Haiti: Below Furcy, Dept. de 1'OQuest, Wetmore 2683 (MSC, US). Honduras: Siguatepeque, Co- mayagua, Standley & Chac6n 6778 (F, US). Colombia: 4 km W Cali, Queremal, Valle, Flenniken 2055 (US); 6 km S Medellin, Antio- quia, Flenniken 1959 (US). "
Parmelia imshaugii Hale, sp. nov.
Thallus adnatus, corticola, 4-6 cm latus, cinereo-alba, lobis subirregularibus, 3-5 mm latis, superne planus vel rugulo- sus, aetate rimosus, lamine sorediatus, soraliis orbicularibus vel diffusis, margine bulbato-ciliatus, ciliis brevibus, cortex superior 18-22 crassus, stratum gonidiale 25-30» crassum, med- ulla alba, 120-140u crassa, cortex inferior 18-22 crassus, sub- tus niger, modice vel dense rhizinosus, rhizinis simplicibus. Apothecia ignota.
Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow (atranorin); medulla K+ yellow turning red, Pt orange (salazinic acid).
32 PHY? 0 L-0 Ora Vol. 22, no. 2
Holotype: Near Granizo, Montana Compana, Prov. Valparaiso, Chile, H. A. Imshaug, no. 36670, 21 Nov. 1965 (MSC; isotype in US) (Eile. “Ss
This species is characterized by bulbate cilia and diffuse soralia. It is the only sorediate species in section Bicornuta. In general appearance it is close to P. brevirhiza Kurok., a Hypotrachyna species with dichotomously branched rhizines and no marginal cilia. Both species produce salazinic acid. Parmelia imshaugii is still known only from the type locality.
Parmelia inornata Hale, sp. nov. © PPP PLP LLLP PPL OL LLL LA LS OPP ASLPPL PPD
Thallus adnatus, corticola, 5-10 cm latus, viridi-albidus, lobis subirregularibus, rotundatis, 3-7 mm latis, superne con- tinuus, aetate rimosus, pro parte albo-reticulatus, sorediis isidiisque destitutis, cortex superior 8-10u crassus, stratum gonidiale 20 crassum, medulla alba, 110-130 crassa, cortex inferior 6-9 crassus, subtus centrum versus niger rhizinosus- que, rhizinis sparsis, simplicibus, ambitu subnudus, castaneus. Apothecia numerosa, substipitata, disco pallido, imperforata, sporis octonis, 7-8X16-18u; pycnidia numerosa, 60-801 diame- tro, microconidiis 1X@u.
Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow (atranorin); medulla K-, P+ red (protocetraric acid).
Holotype: North of East End Village, Grand Cayman, H. A. Imshaug, no. 24454 (MSC; isotype in US) (Fig. 4).
Parmelia inornata represents another West Indian endemic in section Cyclocheila with protocetraric acid, a list that now includes P. caribaea Hale; P. martinicana Nyl., and P. raunki- aeri Vainio. It has rather broad lobes and a distinct bare zone below, similar in many respects to usnic acid-containing P. caperata (L.) Ach., but in overall appearance it is unlike any other members of the section.
Additional specimens examined. Bahamas: Andros, Brace 5067 (NY), Acklin's Island, Brace 4297 (NY). Haiti: West of Cap
Haitien, Dept. de Nord, Imshaug 22659 (MSC, US). Grand Cayman: Near old coral castle, Imshaug 24543 (MSC, US).
Parmelia simulans Hale, nom. et stat. nov.
Based on P, macrocarpoides var. subcomparata Vainio, Acta Haun. EL. Fenn. 7/(@7)343. 18907
Lectotype: Sitio, Minarum, Brazil, Lich. Bras. Exs. 918 (TUR).
1971 Hale, Five new Parmeliae 33
Chemistry: Cortex K+ yellow (atranorin); medulla K-, P-, C-, KC- (caperatic acid).
Parmelia ‘simulans would at first be identified as P. reticu- lata Tayl. without a color test. The primary distinction would be the K- test. Caperatic acid replaces K+ red salazinic acid, the diagnostic component of P. reticulata. Morphologically the two species have similar reticulate cracking to the lobe margins, but P. simulans tends to be strongly laciniate, especially toward the center of the thallus, the coarse soralia being produced most often on these laciniae rather than on the main lobe margins as in P. reticulata. Both species have dense, simple to squarrosely branched rhizines below. Parmelia simulans has a much more re- stricted distribution than the cosmopolitan P. reticulata. Le appears to be the sorediate counterpart of P. ._ macrocarpoides Vai- nio, a rare endemic in Brazil. There is no isidiate counterpart.
Additional specimens examined. Tennessee: Backbone Rock Recreation Area, Johnson Co., Hale 18034a (US), Trail to Alum Cave, Mt. Le Conte, Sevier Co., Hale 36941 (US). North Carolina: Fodderstack Mt., Macon Co., Moore 1940 (DUKE). Mexico: 5 km E Las Vigas, Veracruz, Hale 20910 910 (US), Lago de Monte Bello, Chia- pas, Hale 20369, 20416, 2! 20467 (US). Haiti: Below Furcy, Dept. de l'Ouest, ‘st, Wetmore 2679 (MSC , US), Fabius (US). Dominican Republic: Vicinity of Constanza, La Vega, Allard 16541, 17691a, 17442, 17748, 17750, 17679 (US). Brazil: Sitio, Min: Minas Gerais, Vainio, Lich. Bras. Exs. 582B (TUR, FH, UPS, syntype of var. subcomparata). Uganda: 1 km NW Rushasha, Kigeza, Lye L31 (US). Union of South Africa: Between Donnybrook and Creighton, Natal, Doidge 1607 (PRE).
34
PH ¥eT(OrksO Gel &
Vol. 22, no. 1
Figures l, 2.
1. Parmelia chicitae (holotype). commensurata (holotype). Scale in m.
2. Parmelia
1971 Hale, Five new Parmeliae 35
——,
= 45.2 aos
ye t.. ee 3, ~e ae x «2 ae 5
o 3
_ + as 3 pa ’ 7 ’ ot
en em—u ft
TTT
Figures 3, 4. 3. Parmelia imshaugii (holotype). 4. Par- inornata (Holotype).
NOTES ON PARMELIA SUBGENUS EVERNIIFORMES WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SIX NEW SPECIES
Mason E. Hale, Jr. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560
and
Michael Wirth New England College, Henniker, N.H. 03242
Parmelia subgenus Eyernpiiformes (Hue) Hale & M. Wirth Parmelia section Everniiformes Hue, Journ. de Bot. 12: 180. 1898. Lectotype species: Parmelia cirrhata Fries.
Species in this subgenus are characterized by a narrow linear-lobed subfruticose thallus with sparse to well developed marginal cilia and a more or less channelled, brown to black lower surface that is rhizinate or bare. There are 16 species in the American tropics and four of these (P. cirrhata Fries, P. nepalensis Tayl., P. sorocheila Vainio, and P. vexans Zahlbr. ) also occur throughout montane regions in tropical Asia. Several species in Africa are still under study.
Parmelia catawbiensis (Degel.) Hale & M. Wirth, n. comb.
Parmelia sorocheila var. catawbiensis Degel. Ark. for Botanik, 30A(3):65. 1941. Type: Mt. Le Conte, Tennes- see, G. Degelius (Degelius herbarium, not seen).
Degelius recognized this entity as a variety because of the negative K test. Parmelia sorocheila produces K+ red salazinic acid. The two specimens from the United States that I have seen both contain gyrophoric acid and atranorin, and it is almost cer tain that the Degelius material has the same components. It is somewhat smaller than P. sorocheila, bare below but with fairly conspicuous marginal cilia; both have well developed laminal soralia. Parmelia catawbiensis occurs far north of the range of P. sorocheila and is probably endemic to the southern Appala- chians where it grows on twigs of Abies and Rhododendron.
Specimens examined. United States: Virginia: Mountain Lake Biological Station, Giles Co., Hale 18365 (US). North Carolina: Roan Mountain, elev. 6200 ft., Hale 18087 (US).
&
LST. Hale & Wirth, Notes on Parmelia 37
Parmelia lipidifera Hale & M. Wirth, sp. nov.
Thallus ut in P. cirrhata Fries sed differt acidum proto- lichesterinicum continente.
Holotype: On deciduous trees, El Sumidero, near Tuxtla Guti- errez, Chiapas, Mexico, elev. 1200 m, collected by M. E. Hale, no. 20064 (US).
The thallus is externally indistinguishable from typical P. cirrhata. The lobes are narrow and strongly convoluted, mar- ginal cilia rather dense, up to 1.5 mm long, and thallus rather fragile. The diagnostic character is the chemistry, P-, K-, with atranorin and protolichesterinic acid proved on TLC Brinkmann pre-coated plates. Parmelia cirrhata contains salazinic acid and reacts P+, K+ red but also contains protolichesterinic acid as an accessory substance. Parmelia lipidifera is rare in Mexico but apparently becomes more common in the range of P. cirrhata from Central America to Peru.
Specimens examined. Mexico: Jalisco: east of Autlan, Crum 943 p.p. (MICH); Chiapas: 2 km N highway 190 on road to Puebla Nueva, Hale 20172 (US), Mt. Ovando, Matuda, April 1936 (MICH). Guatemala: Quezaltenango: Volc4n Sta Maria, Steyermark 33948 (MO); Baja Verapaz: Santa Rosa, Standley 69796 (MO). Honduras: Siguatepeque, Yuncker et al. 6627 (US). Peru: Machupichu, Cuzco, Herrera 3286a (US).
Parmelia neocirrhata Hale & M. Wirth, sp. nov.
Thallus subfruticosus, laxe adnatus, albido-cinereus, rigid- us, lobis lineari-elongatis, divaricatis, sorediis isidiisque destitutis, margine sparse ciliatis vel nudis, superne nitidus, valde albo-maculatus, cortex superior 20» crassus, stratum goni- diale 30-35 crassum, medulla alba, 100-110» crassa, cortex in- ferior 12 crassus, subtus nudus, pallide castaneus vel centrum versus nigricans. Apothecia numerosa, subterminalia, imperforata, sporis octonis, 8-9X16-18u. Materia chimica: atranorin, acidum norsticticum, acidum salazinicum, et acidum protolichesterinicum.
Holotype: Cerro Azul, Morelia, Michoac&4n, Mexico, elev. 2300 m, collected by G. Arséne, no. 3726, 10/3/1910 (US; iso- types in TNS, UPS).
This species was first recognized in routine crystal testing of specimens identified as P. cirrhata, using the G. A.o-T. test. Norstictic acid was easily demonstrated, but it was shown with later thin-layer chromatographic tests that these specimens also contain salazinic acid and protolichesterinic acid. It was also possible to find consistent morphological differences from P.
38 PoHYet OL OvrGor A Vol. 22, no. 1
cirrhata, which always lacks norstictic acid, ‘for they are only sparsely ciliate, often pale to almost white below, especially toward the tips, rather rigid and coriaceous, and usually fer- tile with large subterminal apothecia (Fig. 1).
Parmelia neocirrhata is by far the commonest species of sub- genus Everniiformes in Mexico, occurring in a broad zone from Si- naloa to Chiapas (Fig. 2). In this same range P. cirrhata is very rare but becomes the dominant species in Central America.
Specimens examined. Mexico: Sinaloa: 0.5 mi N Los Ornos, Breedlove 16759a (US), La Ferreria, Crum 900a, 943 (MICH); Jalis- co: Estancia to San Sebastian, Mexia 1899-a (US), San Sebastian, Mexia 1560-a (US); Nayarit: 18 km from Ahuacatl4n, Wirth 227 (US), near Compostela, Wirth 256 (US); Michoacan: Patzcuaro, Pringle 126 (US), Carrindapaz, Morelia, Arséne 8017, 8104 (US), Cerro Azul, Morelia, Arséne 3736, 3967, 8049 (US), 12 km W Uruapan, Wirth 341, 350 (US), 65 km E Morelia, Hale 21025 (US); Colima: s.l., Kerber in 1879 (US), near San Antonia, Wirth 139 (US); Guerrero: Las Lumbreras, Mexia 9072L (F, MO, US); Hidalgo: Honey Station, Pringle 15555 (US); San Luis Potos{: Alvarez, Palmer 456 (US), 279 (MICH); México: 20 mi SW Jacala, Cain 27574 (TRT, US), Desierto de los Leones, Skorepa 5621 (US); Morelos: Kilo 87, Pringle 10713 (MICH, US); Oaxaca: Cerro San Felipe, Hale 20774, 21040 (US), 32 mi NW Oaxaca, Cain 27567 (TRI, US); Chiapas: Km. 1145 on highway 190, west of San Cristobal, Hale 20225 (US), 14 kmW San Cristobal, Hale 20579 (US), S of Teopisca, Hale 20524 (US). Guatemala: S$olol4: Volcan Atitlan, Kellerman 6029 (US).
Parmelia imitata Hale & M. Wirth, sp. nov.
Thallus ut in P. neocirrhata sed differt acidum gyrophoricum continente.
Holotype: Carrindapaz, Morelia, Michoac4an, Mexico, elev. 2100 m, collected by G. Ars@ne, no. 8042, 8/11/1911 (US; isotype in UPS).
This species is morphologically identical to P. neocirrhata but differs significantly in chemical constituents, reacting P-, C+ red. Gyrophoric acid is accompanied by protolichesterinic acid. The species is known only from Mexico.
Specimens examined: Mexico: Hidalgo: Jacala, Chase 7398 (US).
1971 Hale & Wirth, Notes on Parmelia 39
NS ye
SORES <¥ 7
Figure 1. Parmelia neocirrhata (Hale 21025, WE) RY cit. Drawing by L. Anderson
Figure 2. Distribution of Parmelia neocirrhata.
Te) PBT OWL OrG: 2a Vol. 22, no. 1
Parmelia pseudonepalensis Hale & M. Wirth, sp. nov.
Thallus ut in P. nepalensi sed differt acidum norsticticum continente.
Holotype: Wood Station, km 87, Morelos, Mexico, collected by C. G. Pringle, no. 10713, 4 June 1904 (US; duplicates of this number may contain mixtures of P. neocirrhata).
Morphologically the species is close to P. nepalensis Tayl., a widespread species characterized by dense rhizines below. The thallus in both species is rather more rigid than in P. cirrhata and the lobes sometimes only weakly convoluted or even flattened. Thin-layer chromatographic plates show atranorin, norstictic acid, salazinic acid, and protolichesternine acid. Parmelia nepalensis lacks norstictic acid. Parmelia pseudonepalensis has a fairly restricted distribution in Mexico from Jalisco to Oaxaca.
Specimens examined. Mexico: Jalisco: La Ferreria, E of Aut- 14n, Crum 943 p.p. (MICH), San Sebastian, Mexia 1542-a (US); Michoac4n: Carrindapaz, Morelia, Arséne 8016 (US), Cerro Azul, Morelia, Arséne 3724 (US), 65 km E of Morelia, Hale 21026, 21032 (US); Mexico: 10 km SW Cahuac4n, X. Madrigal 1423 (US), Popoca- teptl, Cain 27571, 27588 (US), N of Acambay, Cain 27557 (US); Oa- xaca: 32 mi NW of Oaxaca, Cain 27567, 27566b (TRT, US), N of Tla- colula, Ernst 2339 (US), Cerro San Felipe, Hale 20716 (US).
Parmelia arsenei Hale & M. Wirth, sp. nov.
Thallus ut in P. nepalensi sed differt acidum protocetrar- icum continente.
Holotype: Carrindapaz, Morelia, Michoac4n, Mexico, collected by G. Arséne, no. 8016b, Feb. 1909 (US; isotype in UPS).
This species, as with P. pseudonepalensis, is morphological- ly similar to P. nepalensis but contains atranorin and protocet- raric acid only, apparently without protolichesterinic acid. The color test is Pt red but K-. This is a rare species in Mexico and occurs at one locality in Peru.
Specimens examined. Mexico: without locality, Bourgeau (BM); Michoac4n: 12 mi W Uruapan, Wirth 342 (US). Peru: Cajatambo, Landeman 5307 (BM).
STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERACEAE). XLVI.
A NEW GENUS, STANDLEYANTHUS.
R. M. King and H. Robinson Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.
To those familiar with the tribe Eupatorieae the genus Standleyanthus based on Eupatorium triptychum of B. L. Robinson was inevitable. Of this plant, Robinson (1926) said, " This species is remarkable for its trifoliolate leaves with clearly petiolulate leaflets. It exhibits no close relationship to any other species." Dr. Robinson went on to describe the unusual corolla throat which has a very slender tubular portion about 3 mm. long which expands above into a turbinate portion about 1.6 mm. high. There can be no question that the plant is very distinct and easily recognized and it is hoped that additional material will be found by future collectors in Costa Rica.
The relationships of Standleyanthus can be appreciated since additional characters have been recognized. The mamillose inner surfaces of the corolla lobes, the elongate anther collars with numerous inornate quadrate cells and the slightly enlarged base of the style all indicate that the genus is Ageratinoid. The lax habit of the plant and infusion of some Critonioid characters suggests a place near the genus Neomirandea which is also common in Costa Rica.
Although the trifoliolate leaves are very distinctive, the structure of the achene is equally useful for identification. The mature achene has broad whitish ribs which are prominent against the black sides, the setae occur prominently on both ribs and lateral surfaces and the outer layer of cells often peels away at maturity. In these characters the achenes are most like those of Critonia. Toward the base of the achene, the ribs become greatly enlarged covering the entire surface and obscuring any carpopodial development. On a few achenes a very small carpopodium can be seen which has larger quadrate cells with beaded thickenings in the walls as in Ageratina.
Standleyanthus R.M.King & H.Robinson, genus novum Aster- acearum (Eupatorieae). Plantae suffrutescentes laxe pauce ramosae. Caules teretes glabri. Folia opposita longe petiolata ternate decomposita, laminis oblonge-ovatis margine remote crenato-undulatis. Inflorescentiae corymboso-paniculatae. Involucri squamae ca 12 inaequilongae oblongae vel late lanceo- latae 2-3-seriatae; receptacula leniter convexa glabra. Flores
h2 PHYTOLOGIA Vol. 22, now 1
ca 12 in capitulo; corollae infundibulares extus inferne glabrae, lobis aequilateraliter triangularibus vel longioribus extus superne aliquantum papillosis, cellulis interioribus brevibus distincte protuberantibus; filamenta antherarum elongata, cell- ulis inferne plerumque quadratis, parietibus tenuibus inornatis, cellulis exothecialibus subquadratis, appendicibus antherarum ovatis obtusis; styli inferne parum incrassati glabri, append- icibus tenuibus superne leniter mamillosis; achaenia prismatica 4-5-costata, setifera costis inferne valde incrassatis conflue- ntibus; carpopodia indistincta; pappus setiformis uniseriatus, setis ca 20, scabris potius persistentibus tenuibus basi discret is, cellulis apicalibus acutis.
Shrub with terete glabrous stem. Leaves opposite, long- petioled with leaflets petiolulate, blades of leaflets oblong ovate, margins remotely crenate-undulate. Inflorescence a cory- mbose panicle. Phyllaries-ca 12, in 2-3 series, unequal, oblong to broadly lanceolate. Receptacle slightly convex, glabrous. Heads ca 12 flowered, corollas funnelform, outer surface of corolla glabrous below, lobes about as long as wide, papillose on the outer surface, inner surface of corollas with prominent bulging cells. Anther appendages large, anther collars slightly enlarged, composed mostly of quadrate or rectangular cells, walls only slightly thickened, not ornamented. Stylar base scarcely or not enlarged, glabrous, stylar appendage linear, slightly mamillose. Achenes prismatic, 4-5 ribbed, ribs very enlarged at base, pale, setiferous, carpopodia indistinct sometimes a row or two of quadrate cells. Pappus of ca 20 scabrous setae, apical cells acute.
Type species: Eupatorium triptychum B.L.Robinson Standleyanthus triptychus (B.L.Robinson) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Bupatorium triptychum B.L.Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 77: 43. 1926. Costa Rica. Acknowledgement This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant - 20502 to the senior author. Reference
Robinson, B.L. 1926. Records preliminary to a general treatment of the Eupatorieae, -vi. Contr. Gray Herb. 77: 3-62.
STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERACEAE). XLVII.
A NEW GENUS, STEYERMARKINA.
R. M. King and H. Robinson Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560
The genus is based on a group of species resembling closely the scandent species of Critonia but differing by the area of dense pubescense on the inside surface of the corollas near the bases of the lobes. The genus differs from Critonia also by the lack of distinct lactifers along the sides of the veins of the leaves. Individual species also show corolla lobes cut to below the bases of the anther sacs, hairs on the outer surface of the throat of the corolla, glands on the outer surfaces of the lobes, or dense pubescence on the leaves, characters unlike Critonia.
The previously described species of this genus have all been native to eastern and southern Brazil. The phytogeography of the genus proves more complicated, however, by the discovery of a previously undescribed species in western Venezeula in the mountains east of Lake Maracaibo. The new species, which is described below, represents a nearly two thousand mile extension of the range of this group following no geographic pattern presently recognized in higher plants. It is possible, of course, that future collections will close some of this gap in the range of the genus as presently understood. It seems much more probable, however, that when other groups are understood to the degree that is possible here that other similar patterns will be discovered.
We take great pleasure in naming this new genus in honor of our friend and colleague, Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, the collector of the new Venezeulan species in this genus. Dr. Steyermark has contributed greatly to Neotropical botany both in his publications and collections.
Steyermarkina R.M.King and H.Robinson, genus novum Aster- acearum faractecioae). Plantae scandentes pauce ramosae. Caules teretes striati. Folia opposita distincte petiolata, laminis ovatis firme membranaceis, inferne glabris vel pubescentibus. Inflorescentiae laxe paniculatae. Involucri squamae imbricatae valde inaequilongae oblongae glabrae 4-5-seriatae; receptacula convexa vel conica plerumque glabra. Flores 3-5 in capitulo; corollae anguste infundibulares, cellulis anguste oblongis, parietibus leviter vel non sinuosis, lobis anguste lanceolatis extus glabris vel glanduliferis estomatiferis intus laevibus,
43
bh Per yT OL OG lk Vol. 22,°to. 1
faucibus intus hirsutis; filamenta antherarum in parte superiore angusta, cellulis infernis plerumque quadratis, parietibus leniter plerumque transverse ornatis, cellulis exothecialibus subquadratis vel brevioribus, appendicibus antherarum longe triangularibus; styli inferne non nodulosi glabri, appendicibus linearibus mamillosis; achaenia prismatica 4-5-costata, costis et lateribus dense breviter setiferis; carpopodia distincta, cellulis multifariis parvis quadratis; pappus setiformis uniseriatus, setis ca. 30, scabris persistentibus in apicem leniter dilatatis, cellulis apicalibus acutis.
Few branched woody vines. Stems terete, striate. Leaves opposite, petioled, blades ovate, firmly membranous; glabrous to pubescent below. Inflorescence a lax panicle, some nodes with extra axillary branches. Phyllaries imbricated, very unequal, oblong, glabrous, in 4-5 series. Receptacle convex to conical, usually glabrous. Heads 3-5 flowered, corollas narrowly funnelform, cells narrowly oblong, walls slightly or not sinuose, lobes 2-4 times ag long as wide, outer surface of lobes glabrous, corolla often setose outside, inner surface of corolla glabrous except for a thick mass of uniseriate, septate eglandular hairs in area below bases of lobes. Anther appendages large, anther collars rather slender, composed of mainly rectan- gular cells, walls ornate with annular thickenings. Stylar appendages linear mamillose. Achenes prismatic, 4-5 ribbed; carpopodia distinct, of many tiers of small quadrate cells. Pappus of ca 30 scabrous setae which are slightly enlarged at tips.
Type species : Eupatorium pyrifolium A.P.Decandolle
Our studies of the genus indicate that it contains the following four species. A key to the Brazilian species has been provided by Cabrera (1963).
Steyermarkina dispalata (Gardner) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium dispalatum Gardner, London Journ. Bot. he 17S VERS ~ Brazil.
Steyermarkina dusenii (Malme) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov.
Eupatorium dusenii Malme, Kungl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. TOF 38. 1933. Brazil.
Steyermarkina pyrifolia (A.P.Decandolle) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium pyrifolium A.P.Decandolle, Prodr. 5: 153. 1836. Brazil.
Steyermarkina triflora R.M.King & H.Robinson, sp. nov. Folia opposita, petiolis pubescentibus 2 cm longis laminis
1971 King & Robinson, A new genus, Steyermarkina ks
ovatis ad 9 cm longis ad 5 cm latis integris fere glabris. Involucri squamae ca. 153; receptacula convexa glabra. Flores plerumque 3 in capitulo ca. 5 mm longi; corollae albae extus glabrae, lobis ca. 0.6 mm latis ca. 2.0 mm longis.
Type: VENEZEULA: Trujillo: Steep forested slopes along Quebrada Los Riitos. Selva virgen, arriba de Escuque, entre Escuque y La Mesa de San Pedro. Altura: 1300-1650 metros. Vining; leaves firmly membranous, dull green both sides; flowers whitish; involucre pale green. 20-23 Febrero 1971. Julian A. Steyermark 104,684. [Holotype US! Isotype Venezeulal.
The new species is closest to S. pyrifolia of Brazil but the latter has 5 flowers per head, corolla lobes less deeply divided and anthers hastate at the base.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant - 20502 to the senior author.
Reference
Cabrera, A.L. & N.Vittet. 1963. Compositae Catharinenses. II. Eupatorieae. Sellowia, 15: 149-258.
STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERACEAE). XLVIII.
THE GENUS, CRITONIA.
R. M. King and H. Robinson Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.
The genus name Critonia is one of the oldest in the tribe Eupatorieae being established by Patrick Browne in 1756 only three years after Linnaeus! Species Plantarum. Although the name has most often been placed in the synonymy of Eupatoriun, it continues to call to mind for many synantherologists plants of distinctive habit with large open panicles, eglandular leaves and flowers, clustered heads and deciduous inner phyllaries. No accurate delimitation of the genus has ever been provided previously, but the various species that have been placed in the genus with few exceptions prove to be Critonias.
The limits of the genus prove to follow closely the general concept that has existed. The lack of glands on the leaves, achenes, and corollas distinguishes Critonia easily from the large related genus, Koanophyllon. Koanophyllon can also be distinguished by the less imbricate phyllaries, the often abrupt tips on the style branches and the shorter anther appendages usually wider than long. Another related genus, Fleischmanniopis has a distinctive carpopodium of very thick-walled cells, slender pappus setae, very short anther appendages, and abruptly enlarged tips on the style branches. Two West Indian species that we have placed in another genus, Urbananthus, differ from Critonia by glabrous achenes, stamens inserted near the base of the corolla, shorter anther appendages and more abrupt tips on the style branches. The Central American genus, Critonia- delphus has slender tipped pappus setae, glands on the backs of the corolla lobes and shorter anther appendages. Two exclusive- ly South American genera also show some similarity to Critonia. Steyermarkina is clearly distinct by the dense pubescence inside the throat of the corolla. Symphyopappus has an inflore- scence of irregularly erect-spreading branches and style branches that are more papillose. The many rows of imbricate phyllaries in Critonia resemble the condition in Chromolaena, but in addition to microscopic differences, the older plants of the latter group are distinct in loosing all the phyllaries. Some outer phyllaries always persist in Critonia. There are a number of South American Eupatorieae with heads clustered as in Critonia but all differ by their slender tipped pappus setae.
The limits and relationships of the genus are further clarified by studing the distribution of lactifers in the leaves.
46
OTL King & Robinson, The genus Critonia 7
These are present in the areoles of all species of Critonia and occur in their more reduced form in the related genus Urban- anthus. The lactifers are often difficult to observe in the species where they are small and next to the vein and for this reason make a poor key character, but in those species with slender bases on the achenes, the lactifers are usually large and easily seen in leaves moistened with water or aerosol sol- ution. In Critonia stigmatica, the lactifers are extremely large and look like lenses in the center of each areole. These lactifers have been occasionally noted in the literature. Urban (1900) refers to the "punctis lineo-lisque pellucidis" in the leaves of Eupatorium dalea, and B.L.Robinson (1928) mentioned the "more finely pellucid-punctate leaves in Eupatorium heter- neuron",
In this treatment, we have made no subgeneric divisions in Critonia. Some rather well defined groups occur in the genus, however. Most evident is the typical element with very slender bases on the achenes, smaller carpopodia, and large lactifers in the leaves. Another large group includes the lianas such as C. billbergiana and coarse herbs and shrubs such as C. quadrangu- laris and C. morifolia with larger carpopodia and smaller lactifers. Two species have distinctive hastate leaves but each has so many distinctive features of its own that a simple sub- generic classification seems improper. Critonia peninsularis of Baja California has a distinctive oblong anther appendage with many thickenings in the cell walls. Critonia spiniciae- folia has unusually long pedicellate heads and the nodes of the inflorescence usually have numerous extra branches arising from the axils of the leaves sometimes forming a fan of up to seven branches a a node.
Critonia P.Browne, Civ. Nat. Hist. Jam. 490. 1756.
Wikstroemia C. Sprengel, Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 167. 1821. after May.
Coarse herbs to small trees or woody vines, sparingly branched. Leaves opposite, distinctly petioled, petioles some- times winged, blades elliptical to broadly ovate (bases hastate in two species), without capitate glands, with distinct lactifers internally beside the veins or in the centers of the areoles. Inflorescence paniculate, branches opposite usually spreading at 90 degree angles. Heads usually sessile or short pedicellate in clusters of 3-12. Involucre of ca 20-25 imbricate, stramin- eous, usually glabrous, 2-3 striate phyllaries in 4-6 series; inner series elliptical to narrowly oblong, very easily decid- uous, outer series very short orbicular, persistent. Receptacle plain to slightly convex, glabrous or with a few hairs. Flowers 4-12 per head; corollas tubular below and sometimes slightly
L8 POY T O' LO Ger & Vol. 22, no. 7
-spreading above, glabrous; lobes 5, usually longer than wide with smooth elongate cells, cell walls usually slightly sinuous; anther filaments short, inserted above lower third of corolla; collars slender usually with distinct quadrate cells below, walls inornate or with slight but distinct annular thickenings; anther appendages large usually distinctly longer than wide. Style base without enlarged node, glabrous; appendage filiform to spathulate smooth to slightly mamillose. Achenes prismatic with 5 often very prominent ribs, ribs and surfaces sparcely to dense- ly setose. Carpopodium a narrow rim or short cylindrical, cells small, quadrate to rounded with walls of confluent thickenings. Pappus of 30-35 scabrous, coarse, persistent setae with crowded bases, tips slightly enlarged and more closely serrulate, apical cells usually acute. Chromosome number X = 10 (Turner, Powell, and King, 1962).
Type species: Eupatorium dalea Linnaeus.
Our studies of the genus indicate that it contains the following thirty-two species.
Critonia aromatisans (A.P.Decandolle) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium aromatisans A.P.Decandolle, Prodr. 5: 160. 1836. Cuba, Dominican Republic.
Critonia bartlettii (B.L.Robinson) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. HEupatorium bartlettii B.L.Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 100: 11. 1932. British Honduras.
Critonia billbergiana (Beurl.) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov.
Eupatorium billbergianum Beurl., Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockl. 1854: 134. 1856. British Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala.
Critonia campechensis (B.L.Robinson) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium campechense B.L.Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 43: 30. 1907. British Honduras, Mexico.
Critonia chrysocephala (Klatt) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium chrysocephalum Klatt, Bot. Beibl. sur Leopoldina 1895: 2. 1895. Costa Rica.
Critonia conzattii (Greenm.) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. upatorium conzattii Greenm., Proc. Amer. Acad. 34: 574. 1899. Mexico.
Critonia dalea (L.) A.P.Decandolle,Prodr. 5: 140. 1836. Eupator- ium dalea L. Systema naturae Edition 10, 1204. 1758. Jamaica.
1971 King & Robinson, The gems Critonia Ke)
Critonia daleoides A.P.Decandolle, Prodr. 5: 141. 1836. British Honduras, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
Critonia eggersii (Hieron.) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. upatorium eggersii Hieron., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 28: 566. 1901. Ecuador.
Critonia eriocarpa (B.L.Robinson & Greenm.) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium eriocarpum B.L.Robinson & Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 32: 42. 1896. Mexico.
Critonia hebebotrya A.P.Decandolle, Prodr. 5: 141. 1836. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico.
Critonia hemipteropodia (B.L.Robinson) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium hemipteropodium B.L.Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 42: 39. 1906. Mexico.
Critonia heteroneura Ernst, Flora 57: 210. 1874. Colombia, Venezeula.
Critonia hospitalis (B.L.Robinson) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium hospitale B.L.Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 43: 32. 1907. British Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico.
Critonia imbricata Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. n.s. 8: 512. 1863. Cuba.
Critonia inaequidens (Urban) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium inaequidens Urban, Symb. Antill. 1: 460. 1899. Dominican Republic, Haiti.
Critonia lanicaulis (B.L.Robinson) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium lanicaule B.L.Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 35: 336. 1900. Guatemala.
Critonia laurifolia (B.L.Robinson) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium laurifolium B.L.Robinson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 31: 251. 1904. Costa Rica.
Critonia lozanoana (B.L.Robinson) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium lozanoanum B.L.Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. bese 7/5 W905), Mexciico:.
Critonia macropoda A.P.Decandolle, Prodr. 5: 140. 1836. Trinidad.
Critonia morifolia (Miller) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium morifolium Miller, Gard. Dict. Ed. 8. n 10. 1768. Argentina, Bolivia, British Honduras, Colombia, Costa Rica,
50 PaS TOE: OG Tk Vol. 22, no. 1
El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Brazil, Venezeula.
Critonia nicaraguensis (B.L.Robinson) R.M.King & H.Robinson,
comb. nov. Eupatorium nicaraguense B.L.Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 61: 29. 1920. Nicaragua.
Critonia parviflora (Sw.) A.P.Decandolle, Prodr. 5: 140. 1836. Eupatorium parviflorum Sw., Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. lll. 1788. Jamaica.
Critonia peninsularis (Brandegee) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium peninsulare Brandegee, Erythea 7: 4. 1899. Mexico.
Critonia portoricensis (Urban) Britton & P.Wilson, Sc. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands 6: 291. 1925. Eupatorium portoricense Urban, Symb. Antill. 1: 459. 1899. Puerto Rico.
Critonia pseudo-dalea A.P.Decandolle, Prodr. 5: 140. 1836. Cuba.
Critonia quadrangularis (A.P.Decandolle) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium quadrangulare A.P.Decandolle, Prodr. 5: 153. 1836. El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua.
Critonia sexangularis (Klatt) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov.
Piptocarpha sexangularis Klatt, Beibl. zum Leopoldina 1895: extr. 1. 1895. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua.
Critonia spinaciaefolia (A.P.Decandolle) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Bulbostylis spiniaefolia A.P.Decandolle, Prodr. 5: 139. 1836. Mexico.
Critonia stigmatica (Urban & Ekman) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium stigmaticum Urban & Ekman, Arkiv. Bot. a AeimO pola 67 Sonos Ton Hattas,
Critonia thyrsigera (Hieron.) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium thyrsigerum Hieron. Bot. Jahrb. 28: 570. 1901. Colombia.
Critonia thyrsoidea (Moc. ex A.P.Decandolle) R.M.King & H. Rob- inson, Eupatorium thyrsoideum Moc. ex A.P.Decandolle, Prodr. 5: 150. 1836. Mexico, Nicaragua.
1971 King & Robinson, The gems Critonia Sl Acknowledgement This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant - 20502 to the senior author.
References
Robinson, B.L. 1928. Records preliminary to a general treatment of the Eupatorieae. VII. Contr. Gray Herb. 80: 1-42.
Turner, B.L., M.Powell & R.M.King. 1962. Chromosome numbers in the Compositae. VI. Additional Mexican and Guatemalan species. Rhodora 64: 251-271.
Urban, I. 1900. Species novae, praesertim portoricenses. Symb. Antill. 1: 291-481.
STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERACEAE). XLIX
A NEW GENUS, CRITONIADELPHUS.
R. M. King and H. Robinson Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560
The two species from Central America and Mexico that we place here in Critoniadelphus have a habit very similar to Critonia and the two genera seem closely related. Certain features of Critoniadelphus are also reminiscent of Koanophyllon. The new genus is considered here as somewhat intermediate between Critonia and Koanophyllon and most closely related to Urbananthus of the West Indies.
Critoniadelphus differs from Critonia primarily by the slender tips of the pappus setae, the glands on the corolla lobes and achenes and the short anther appendages. Two Central American species of Critonia, C. daleoides and especially C. hospitalis with its enlarged style branches, closely resemble Critoniadelphus. The two species of Critonia, however, are in a specialized group of species with large lactifers in the leaves and slender based achenes, and they are not particularly closely related to the new genus.
Critoniadelphus differs from Koanophyllon primarily by the highly imbricate stramineous phyllaries and by the small lacti- fers beside the leaf veins. Most species of Koanophyllon are also distinguished by having capitate glands on the leaves.
The West Indian genus Urbananthus is most like Critoniadelphus in corolla shape, slender sinuous walled corolla cells, short anther appendages, and small lactifers in the leaves, but the genus differs by the glabrous corollas and achenes, the anthers inserted near the bases of the corollas and the style branches less enlarged below the tips.
Critoniadelphus R.M.King & H.Robinson, genus novum Asteracearum (Eupatorieae). Plantae frutescentes laxe ramosae. Folia opposita periolata glabra, laminis ellipticis, cellulis lactiferis obscuris. Inflorescentiae laxe panicultae. Involucri squamae 25-30 inaequilongae 5-6-seriatae orbiculares vel oblongae stramineae glabrae 2-3-striatae, squamae interiores caducae; receptacula plana minuta. Flores 3-8 in capitulo; corollae tubulares, cellulis angustis, parietibus valde sinuosis, lobis 5 aequilateraliter triangularibus extus glanduliferis; filamenta antherarum prope partes tertias inferiores corollarum inserta; filamenta in parte superiore angusta, cellulis plerumque quadratis vel brevioribus, parietibus inornatis; appendicibus
52
1971 King & Robinson, A new genus, Critoniadelphus 53
antherarum brevibus; styli inferne non nodulosi glabri, appendicibus superne late ellipticis sublaevibus; achaenia prismatica 5-costata pauce setifera et glandulifera; carpopodia distincta symmetrica breviter cylindrica, cellulis minute quadratis vel rotundatis, parietibus incrassatis; pappus setiformi uniseriatus, setis 30-35 contiguis scabris persistent- ibus, superne attenuatis, cellulis apicalibus acutis.
Type species: Eupatorium nubigenum Benth.
The two species of the genus Critoniadelphus can be distinguished as follows:
1. Leaf margins closely serrulate; heads with 4-8 flowers
C. nubigenus
1. Leaf margins remotely serrulate or entire; heads usually with 3 flowers C. microdon
Critoniadelphus microdon (B.L.Robinson) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium microdon B.L.Robinson, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 54: 252. 1918. Guatemala.
Critoniadelphus nubigenus (Benth.) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium nubigenum Benth., Pl. Hartw. 85. 1841. El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant - 20502 to the senior author.
STUDIES IN THE EUPATORIEAE (ASTERACEAE). L
A NEW GENUS, URBANANTHUS
R. M. King and H. Robinson Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20506.
In 1900 Urban described Eupatorium critoniforme, a new species from the island of Jamaica having the habit of Critonia dalea but lacking the pellucid spots in the leaves. In the original description of the plant were such comments as Nachaeniis . .. glabris.", "stamina tubo supra basin affixa .
-" and "Stylus .. . apice manifeste clavatis". Further characters of significance not mentioned by Urban are the lack of dilation on the tips of the pappus setae, the short anther appendages and the very slender corolla cells with very sinuous walls. It is of particular importance that all of these characters are repeated again in a second very distinct species from Cuba, Eupatorium pluriseriatum B.L.Robinson. The two species are the basis for the genus Urbananthus described here.
Of the various characters that distinguish Urbananthus from Critonia, the insertion of the stamens is the most important. The placement of the insertion low on the corolla tube is a striking departure from the situation in Critonia and all other close relatives. Perhaps the most useful character for identification of the genus is the complete lack of pubescence on both the corollas and achenes. The characters most indicative of relationship are the presence of only small lactifers beside the leaf veins, a condition found in some Critonias and in Critoniadelphus, and the clavate tips of the style branches which are different in exact form from those of Critoniadelphus but which indicate that Urbananthus is closely related to the latter genus and similarly intermediate between Critonia and Koanophyllon.
Our knowledge of interrelationships among the Critonioid genera is still very incomplete, but the following seems clear. Critonia and Koanophyllon represent two large and diverse complexes that originated on the mainland and which have numerous derived forms in the West Indies. The derived forms of Critonia are represented by C. dalea and its relatives having large lactifers in the leaves and having slender based achenes. Again, on the mainland in Central America is the genus, Critoni- adelphus, which has the habit of Critonia and many charcters of Koanophyllon. Related to Critoniadelphus but differing in derived features such as the glabrous corollas and achenes and the lower insertion of the anthers, is the West Indian genus,
1971 King & Robinson, A new genus, Urbananthus 5S
Urbanathus. It is clear that the Jamaican species Urbananthus critoniforme is really very remote in relationship from the Jamaican Critonia dalea which it superficially resembles.
Urbanathus R.M.King & H.Robinson, genus novum Asteracearum (Eupatorieae). Plantae frutescentes laxe ramosae. Folia opposita petiolata glabra, laminis ellipticis breviter vel longe acuminatis basi cuneatis, cellulis lactiferis obscuris. Inflor- escentiae laxe paniculatae. MInvolucri squamae 20-30 inaequi- longae 5-6-seriatae orbiculares vel oblongae stramineae glabrae 2-3-striatae, squamae interiores caducae; receptacula aliquantum convexa. Flores 4-10 in capitulo; corollae tubulares laeves glabrae, cellulis angustis, parietibus valde sinuosis, lobis 5 oblongo-triangularibus; filamenta antherarum fere ad bases corollarum inserta; filamenta in parte superiore angusta, cellulis plerumque quadratis vel brevioribus, parietibus inornatis; appendicibus antherarum subquadratis vel brevioribus; styli inferne non-nodulosi glabri, appendicibus spathulatus sublaevibus; achaenia prismatica 5-costata glabra; carpopodia distincta symmetrica breviter obturaculiformia, cellulis inferne minute quadratis superne longioribus, parietibus incras- satis; pappus setiformi uniseriatus, setis ca. 30 contiguis scabris persistentibus superne non dilatatis, cellulis apical- ibus acutis.
Species typica: Eupatorium critoniforme Urban
Our studies indicate that the genus contains the following two species.
Urbananthus critoniformis (Urban) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. Eupatorium critoniforme Urban, Symb. Antill. 1: 458. 1900. Jamaica.
Urbananthus pluriseriatus (B.L.Robinson) R.M.King & H.Robinson, comb. nov. upatorium pluriseriatum B.L.Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 47: 195. 1911. Cuba.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant - 20502 to the senior author.
Reference
Urban, I. 1900. Species novae, praesertim portoricenses. Symb. Antill. 1: 291-481.
NEW COMBINATIONS IN MACHAERIUM (LEGUMINOSAE)
Velva E. Rudd, Smithsonian Institution
MACHAERIUM SALVADORENSE (Donn. Sm.) Rudd, comb. nov.
Drepanocarpus salvadorensis Donn. Sm. Bot. Gaz. 44: 109. 1907. Type: L. V. Velasco 9000, El Salvador, San Salvador, Soya- pango (holotype US; isotype US).
Machaerium riparium T. S. Brandeg. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 500. 1919. Type: C. A. Purpus 8166, Mexico, Veracruz, near Zacuapan (holotype UC; isotypes GH, NY, US).
Machaerium acanthothyrsus Pittier,Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20:
73. 1922. Type: E. W. Nelson 2331, Mexico, between Haci- enda del Capricho, Guerrero, and Llano Grande, Oaxaca (holotype US; isotype GH).
Machaerium habroneurum Standl. Carnegie Inst. Publ. 461: 63. 1935. Type: W. A. Schipp S-676, British Honduras-Guatemala boundary, Camp 32 (holotype F; isotypes BM, F, GH, K, NY).
MACHAERIUM LEIOPHYLLUM (DC.) Benth. var. CRISTA-CASTRENSE (Mart.
ex Benth.) Rudd, comb. nov.
Drepanocarpus crista-castrensis Mart. ex Benth. Comm. leg. Gen. 32. 1837 (preprint); Ann. Wiener Mus. 2: 96. 1838.
> C. F. P. Martius s. n., Brazil, Amazonas, near Manaus
"in sylvis ad Barra do Rio Negro" (lectotype M; isolecto- types K, M).
Machaerium crista-castrense (Mart. ex Benth.) Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 4: 311. 1925.
MACHAERIUM LEIOPHYLLUM (DC.) Benth. var. LATIFOLIUM (Benth.) Rudd comb. nov.
Drepanocarpus crista-castrensis Mart. ex Benth. var. latifol- ium Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 15(1): 258. 1862. Type: R. Spruce 2552, Brazil, Amazonas, igapd near Rio Uaupés, "in Gapo, i. e. silva inundata ad Rio Uaupes Venezuelae” (holotype K; isotypes BM, C, F, GH, NY, P).
Drepanocarpus frondosus Mart. ex Benth. Comm. Leg. Gen. 32. 1837 (preprint); Ann. Wiener Mus. 2: 96. 1838. Type: Coa P. Martius s. n., Brazil, Amazonas, "in sylvis ad flumen
Japura" [as "flumen Itapurie"] (lectotype M, the specimen
from which plate 84, Fl. Bras. 15(1) was drawn; isolecto- types M).
Machaerium frondosum (Mart. ex Benth.) Ducke, Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 3: 151. 1922.
56
Til sania
PHYTOLOGIA
Designed to expedite botanical publication
Vol. 22 September, 1971 No. 2 CONTENTS
ANDRESEN, J. W., & STEINHOFF, R. J., The taxonomy of Pinus flexilis and ts strobiformis gee OR me Re BO A tial, AE ie Sah allt hy MORTON, C. V., Supplementary notes on Grammitis in; E.CUAGOF % hon DEGENER, O. & I. REPEL IONE S ihe DEA oc! eth Me, Due bie SMITH, L. B., Notes on PrOMIPHAeedes Anandees ee, es Wear Shela yo se Se -ernarinm NOTES: Mle. aoe dae Sins wee eee Os HALE, M. E., Jr., Two new species of Parmelia (lichens) from North a Lor alte Risto Sie iS ae ea Eat ak oe HALE, M.E., Jr., New Parmeliae (Lichenes) from Africa............. ROGERS, K. E., Studies in Ichnanthus (Gramineae). I. New taxa and new combinations in Section Foveolata .............4.4.. DROUET, F., Notes on blue-green algal type specimens ............. KING, R. M. & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). LI. The Disynaphioid Complex.............+....+00- KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). LIL. A new genus, Acanthostyles Oe en tS UE pt ae KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). Tr a new genus, Raulinoreitzia: bie i Se mee oe KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). LIV . The genus, Symphyopappus On AER AEA ane ARI be We He Sa KING, R. M. at ‘ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). LV. The genus, Dimorpholepis BLAM tee eae esi hig koa ce laaele oa KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). Bre. A new genus, CasnPOVasSOUrig =.) 25.3) le sb See ee Sees KING, R. M., & ROBINSON, H., Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). Pe ae BEMUS OSV RAD MIG. a) ol ane y eaalss an Rie sess aia da, ee MOLDENKE, H.N., Notes on new and noteworthy plants. LIV........ ee eh. BOOK FEVIEWS: ©. 02° =). ein ale mg bia, d alase ete le te wave aiecs MOLDENKE, H.N., Additional materials toward a monograph of the he NON BE a Et, US Une Sn gid aaa fe GBP OE Sota GU Og ea a
Published by Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke
303 Parkside Road Plainfield, New Jersey 07060
U.S.A. A
Al is umber, $1; per volume, $7.50, in advance, TES pane AY or $8, at close of volume OCT 7 1971
SNEW YORK
THE TAXONOMY OF PINUS FLEXILIS AND P. STROBIFORMIS!
by John W. Andresen Department of Forestry, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois 62901
and Raphael J. Steinhoff Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Moscow, Idaho 83843
James (1823), who participated in the expeditionary search of the Rocky Mountains in the company of Lieutenant S. H. Long, observed at least two undescribed Western species of pine that were new to science. One consequence of his exploration of the eastern slopes of Pike's Peak was his description of Pinus flexilis from living material alone. The ensuing nomenclatural disorder involving the Pinus flexilis complex has created an interesting, but confusing array of nomenclatural problems. Perhaps the primary cause for the dilemma is the resemblance of vege- tative features and the growth habit of the "Flexiles" group of pines to others within the North American five-leaved Strobus subgenus. Un- der less than optimal conditions of growth and in their juvenile stages they appear very similar indeed.
In the present paper, we will attempt to present a historical and contemporary review of P. flexilis James and P. strobiformis Engelm., two North American members of the subsection Strobi (sensu Little & Critchfield 1969), as well as to designate the neotype of P. flexilis.
HISTORICAL Pinus flexilis
Although James gave a description of P. flexilis in his field notes, no herbarium samples were collected nor did he present a Latin diagnosis with his published description of 1823. Engelmann (1863), however, did publish a Latin diagnosis of P. flexilis and also emended the morpho- logical inconsistencies that appeared in James' description. Earlier familiarization with P. aristata Engelm. led Engelmann (Parry and Engel- mann 1862) to judge that James had observed both P. flexilis and P. aristata either side by side or perhaps with brances intertwined, for
This study was supported in part by funds from the National Sci- ence Foundation Grant No. G-15879.
57
58 PPoeye TOL O1G tek Vol. 22, no. 2
the prominent, armed, cone umbos noted by James (1823) is indicative of P. aristata and not P. flexilis.
Fortunately, Engelmann's (1863) accurate analysis clarified some additional confusion generated by Nuttal1(1853, III p.107) by his in- accurate text and dismaying illustration. Engelmann, however, did not comment on Nuttall's work nor did he discuss Hooker's (1838, II p.161) contribution of P. lambertina var. 8. Hooker, which in turn was based upon Drummond's (1830) field notes of five-leaved pines he observed in Canada while portaging from the Red Deer River to the Columbia at "Height of Land."" Drummond's notes describe a taxon that either could be P. flexilis or P. albicaulis Engelm., for the cones he observed were damaged beyond recognition rodents or birds. The geographic locale, orogeny and elevation, however, suggest the trees were P. albicaulis. Endlicher (1847, p.150), not withstanding some reservation about Hooker's interpretation, established P. lambertiana variety 8 ("brevifolia, foliis brevioribus, rigidioribus, Hook. 1.c."), but Endlicher's new combination gained little acceptance.
Further nomenclatural confusion arose when Carriere (1855, pp.309-310) attributed authorship of both P. flexilis and P. strobiformis to Wis- lizenus. This error probably arose because Engelmann's 1848 article appeared as one of the contributions within a book identified with Wis- lizenus as author-editor.
Pinus strobiformis
During Dr. Wislizenus travels from Chihuahua westward to the vicinity of Cosihuiriachi and the Porphory Mountains, he discovered a large num- ber of undescribed plants. On the highest peaks, at elevations of about 8,000 feet, Wislizenus observed large pines 100 to 130 feet tall which bore resemblance to both P. flexilis and P. strobus L. This unknown pine was later named by Engelmann as P. strobiformis (1848). This per- fectly valid species name, however, was apparently abandoned by Engel- mann since it is conspiciously absent from his later publications (1878, 1880,1882). Shaw (1909, p.11) reasoned that Engelmann, after learning of Ehrenberg's earlier (1838) description of Pinus ayachuite Ehren., assumed that the P. strobiformis of Chihuahua was the same taxon as Ehrenberg's P. ayachuite of Omitlan, Guerro. Since Engelmann had no cones to compare, he probably thought his species was synonymous with Ehrenbert's. Parlatore (1968, pp.406-407) cites P. strobiformis (sic) as a synonym of P. ayacahuite and lists further collection sites in the northern states of Mexico for this species.
After abandoning P. strobiformis as the epithet for the trees found in northern Mexico, ENgelmann (1878), in describing specimens collected by Wheeler's Expedition in Arizona reduced various forms which displayed some of the characteristics he attributed to P. strobiformis to varieties of P. flexilis. These characteristics included serrulation of leaves,
reduction in number or lack of stomatal rows on the dorsal leaf survace, elongation of the cones, and elongation and reflexion of cone scales.
1971 Andresen & Steinhoff, Pinus flexilis & P. strobiformis 59
His varieties, based on materials from Arizona were collected from oro- graphic sites where environmental conditions permit phenotypic develop- ment leading to intermediate morphological characters between P. flexilis and P. strobiformis. The present authors have collected material from all the higher peaks in Arizona and have gathered specimens similar to those described by Engelmann (1878), but more important, have also ob- served alticlinal change from typical P. strobiformis to P. flexilis
as elevation increases. At higher elevations there usually is a pre- ponderance of P. flexilis-like individuals but occasionally with an admixture of P. strobiformis. In short, all of Engelmann's varieties can be found on either a single mountain or on any combination of peaks in southeastern Arizona. Similar variation patterns exist in New Mexico.
Engelmann, as a prelude to his "Revision of the genus Pinus" was experimenting with "varietal taxonomy" which he soon abandoned, but his 1978 paper proposed (sans-Latin) the following three varieties:
1. Pinus flexilis var. a serrulata Engelm. '"'Leaves slender, slightly and distantly serrulate, and as in the following varieties with few or scarcely any stomata on the back; cone of the ordinary form."
The voucher specimen (Rothrock 654) for the above description consists of foliage, twig and fruiting materials, all of which bear strong resemblances to the P. flexilis-like materials found at higher elevations in Arizona and New Mexico. Materials collected by the senior author at 9700 feet on the west side of Mr. Graham, Arizona are almost identical to Rothrock's 1874 collection from the same area but at 9600 feet. ;
2. Pinus flexilis var. 8 macrocarpa Engelm. "Leaves slender, en- tire; cones cylinderic, 6-8 inches long 2% inches in diameter, the apo- physis of the scales short, rounded."
This material collected by Ferdinand Bischoff of Wheeler's 1871 expedition to the San Francisco Mountains of Arizona consists of foliage, twigs, and cone scales. No intact cone exists at present. Similar specimens were observed and collected by the senior author (Andresen 2121) at 9,000 feet on the west side of Humphrey's Peak in the San Franciscos. The cone scales of var. & are intermediate between vars. a and y and are also intermediate within the clinal array of the P. flexilis-strobiformis complex of Arizona and New Mexico.
3. Pinus flexilis var. y reflexa Engelm. "leaves as in last 6; cones ovate-cylindrical, about four inches long; apophysis elongated, re- flexed."
Voucher materials for the above consist of three related herbarium sheets. The first (MO 1635443) includes a typical P. strobiformis cone
60 BAD sh vGeUE (OIG Ofer ate! \ Vol. 22, no. 2
but in an immature stage collected (collector unknown) on 13 August, 1874. Although only four inches long, the elongated ovuliferous scales are strongly reflexed. An old tag attached to the cone reads "P. aya- cahuite" (the ayacahuite had been crossed out and was replaced by flexilis var. squarosa 654 8/13 1874). The second sheet is similar to the first sans cone but includes "654=1001". And the third sheet numbered as "1001" bears materials labeled as originating from the Sanoita Valley which passes to the southeast and south of the Santa Rita Mountains.
We suggest that the first two sheets were collected in the Madera Can- yon drainage on the northwest side of the Santa Ritas and the third sheet was gathered either on the southeastern side of the Santa Ritas
or on the northwest side of the Patagonia Mountains, with the former choice as the most likely.
Engelmann (1878) remarked that the cone of the third sheet, 1001, resembled P. koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., or a small example of P. ayaca- huite. Interestingly, on sheet 1001, is the penciled remark in Engel- mann-like script "P. ayacahuite var. borealis" which was not published.
For some obscure reason, Engelmann (1880) chose not to include any of his varieties of P. flexilis or P. strobiformis in his "Revision of the Genus Pinus''’. He did, however, include the very questionable P. bonapartea Carriere within his section Strobi. Shortly afterward, though. he (Engelmann 1882) reduced P. reflexa Engelm. to an altitudinal variant of P. flexilis hence P. flexilis var. reflexa Engelm. Perhaps he ob- served additional specimens or notes about the flowering habit of his P. reflexa for he wrote "Pinus reflexa n. sp. (P. flexilis. Eng. in Rothrock's Rep. Bot. Exp. Wheeler) proves to be quite distinct from "flexilis" not only by the reflexed scales of the cone, but also and principally by the long peduncled cylindric female aments, erect in the first, recurved in the second year, which associate it with the true Strobi, while the large wingless seeds distinguish it from the other species of that section."
His line of reasoning is difficult to follow for in the true Strobi (sensu Eustrobi Engelm. 1880) he includes P. albiculis and P. pygmaea both of which bear sessile and upright cones with wingless seed as well as P. flexilis whose cones may be sessile or sub-sessile but are always pendant.
The nomenclature was accepted by Coulter and Rose (1886) with a con- firmation of species separation based on leaf anatomy. After examining specimens collected by Pringle in 1887 in the same area where Wislizenus collected the specimen described by Engelmann as P. strobiformis, Sargent (1889) concluded that P. strobiformis was probably only a northern form of P. ayacahuite with short leaves and small cones. Three years later, Lemon (1892 p.4), through an interpretive error, credited P. ayacahuite var. strobiformis to Sargent. The assignment was created by a liberal interpretation of Sargent's (1889) opinion of P. reflexa Engelm. vis. "Mr. Pringle rediscovered two years ago Engelmann's Pinus strobiformis on the mountains of Chihuahua, in the very region where Wislizenus first found it, and his specimens who that Pinus reflexa cannot be separated from the Mexican tree which was known previously from a single cone only. It will be found perhaps that Pinus strobiformis is merely a northern
1971 Andresen & Steinhoff, Pimus flexilis & P. strobiformis 61
form with short leaves, and small cones, of the widely distributed
Pinus ayacahuite [sic.] Erh. The two are certainly very closely re-
lated and are not readily separated."" Shaw (1909) attempted to correct
the error by placing P. ayacahuite var. strobiformis Lemmon in synonomy
with P. flexilis var. reflexa Engelm. In the interim, Sargent (1897 pp.33-34) recognized Pinus strobiformis Engelm. as a valid taxon, thus altering his
1889 opinion that P. strobiformis was only a form of P. ayacahuite.
Sudworth (1897 pp. 14-16) concurred with Sargent and placed P. flexilis var. reflexa Engelm., P. reflexa Engelm., and P. ayacahuite var. strobiformis Lemmon in synonomy with P. strobiformis Engelm. In addition, Sudworth listed P. flexilis var. a serrulata Engelm. as syno- nomous with P. flexilis and unfortunately presented Pinus flexilis var. megalocarpa Sudworth as a nomenclatural alternative to P. flexilis var. 8 macrocarpa Engelm. The following year, however, Sudworth (1898 p.14) ignored his P. flexilis var. magalocarpa and calling it by its common name reduced it to synonomy under P. flexilis. Apparently he also be- lieved that P. ayacahuite was synonymous with P. strobiformis Engelnm., for he indicated the range of the latter is southwestern United States, Mexico, and Guatamela.
By 1907, Voss decided P. ayacahuite var. reflexa Voss would be pre- ferable to P. reflexa Engelm. Voss (1907) also subordinated P. strobi- formis Engelm. to P. ayacahuite Ehrenb.
Shaw (1909) synthesized the existing literature and judged that P. strobiformis Engelm. was synonymous with the northern element of P. ayacahuite, and hence the name P. ayacahuite var. brachyptera Shaw. In his revision, P. flexilis and its var. reflexa were retained as valid taxa, with P. ayacahuite var. strobiformis Lemmon and P. strobiformis sensu Sudworth relegated to synonomy. Shaw evidently perceived that the P. strobiformis of Engelmann, Sudworth, md Sargent were not the same taxon. Later, Shaw (1914) modified his verdict and considered P. strobiformis Engelm. as synonomymous with P. ayacahuite, and all other types previously mentioned as being only forms of P. flexilis. Only P. reflexa Engelm. and P. strobiformis Sargent are mentioned in his syno- nomy of P. flexilis.
Astutely, Sudworth (1917 pp. 12-13) suggested that P. strobiformis Engelm. bore chronological priority and submitted that this be the valid binomial. Although his logic was sound, few authors followed Sudworth's recommendation for the multitude of tree books and journal articles between 1917 and 1955 refer to this plant as either P. reflexa or P. flexilis. For example, Standley (1920 pp. 54-55) recognized P. flexilis and P. reflexa, but placed P. strobiformis in synonomy with
P. ayacahuite.
In his second edition of the "Manual of the Trees of North America", Sargent (1922) omitted P. strobiformis Engelm., though he had included it earlier (Sargent 1905). Thus Sargent again reversed his thoughts —
62 PHY T1070 Gi A Vol. 22, no.
and entered P. strobiformis Sarg. (non Engelm.) as a synonym for P. flexilis. The authoring of P. strobiformis by Sargent is difficult to comprehend.
CONTEMPORARY
Pinus flexilis and Pinus strobiformis
Martinez (1948 pp. 104-105) accepted Shaw's 1909 treatment of P. ayacahuite and recognized P. reflexa and P. flexilis as valid species. P. strobiformis Sudworth (non Engelm. ) and iE . ayacahuite var. strobi- formis Lemmon (non Sargent) were placed in synonomy under P. reflexa. To round out his liberal interpretation of the white pines of Northern Mexico, Martinez, in an attempt to portray the relationships of the Eustrobi (sensu Shaw), also recognized numerous geographic locations for P. ayacahuite var. brachyptera. Martinez also proposed the hier- archical "Groupo Ayacahuite" with P. ayacahuite as the central element. Radiating from P. ayacahuite are P. lambertiana, P. strobus var. chiapenses (=P. chiapenses (Martinez) Andresen 1964), P. ayacahuite var. veitchii, and P. ayacahuite var. brachyptera. He also depicts the latter as an intermediate (inferior status) between P. ayacahuite and P. reflexa which in turn is linked to P. reflexa. Mirov (1953), using terpeno-chemical relationships as a criterion, believed that P. reflexa and P. ayacahuite are bridged by a series of intermediate forms (not yet chemically analyzed) and that there is a link with flexilis and monticola but only a remote connection with P. strobiformis and an undetermined link with P. lambertiana.
In an attempt to resurrect P. flexilis var. macrocarpa, Douglass (1958) decided that this variety was a morphological link between P. flexilis var. flexilis and P. flexilis var. reflexa and that the three were closely related. She also suggested a "very slight" difference between the vars. of P. ayacahuite and P. flexilis, but her conclusions are unsupported by genetical evidence or any other types of biological data.
Recently, Gaussen (1960 pp. 202-205) recognized as discrete species P. flexilis, P. reflexa and P. strobiformis, with the latter as equi- valent to P. ayacahuite var. brachyptera. Little (In Soto, Barrett and Little 1962 p. 88), writing on the classificaiton of P. flexilis and P. strobiformis, indicated that these are the "correct" combinations and that earlier opinions (Little 1950 pp. 13-14; 1953 pp. 265-266) recog- nizing P. flexilis var. reflexa were now altered. And finally, Critch- field and Little (1966 pp. 6, 7) reiterated Little's 1962 opinion.
1971 Andresen & Steinhoff, Pimus flexilis & P. strobiformis 63 TAXONOMY
Pinus flexilis James
Pinus flexilis James, Account of an expedition from Pittsburg to the Rocky Mountains. Vol. 2 pp. 34-35 (1823); Sargent (1897).
Pinus lambertiana var. 8 Hooker, Flora Boreali-Americana. Vol. 2 p- 161 (1890).
Pinus lambertiana var. 8 brevifolia Endl., Synopsis coniferarum. p.- 150 (1847).
Apinus flexilis (James) Rydb., Torrey Bot. Club. Bul. Vol. 32 p- 598 (1905).
Morphologic description is essentially correct in Sargent (1897).
Distribution: Rocky Mountains south from head waters of Saskatchewan River through Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado. Mountain ranges of Nevada, Sierra Nevada, and Peaks of southwestern California. Rare and local in Wallawa Mountains, Oregon, southwestern Nebraska, western South Dakota, and southwestern North Dakota. On high peaks of Arizona and New Mexico to the Guadelupes of Texas. Not in Mexico!! (See range map in Critchfield and Little 1966).
Specimens examined: CANADA: ALBERTA: 50° 23' N. Lat.; 114° 40' W. Long., 1550 m alt., 30 July 1961, Andresen, Andresen and March A1174 (MSC)
UNITED STATES: ARIZONA: Navajo Mountains, 10,500 ft. alt., July 1933, Darsie s.n. (MO); CALIFORNIA: White Mountain Ranger Dist., Inyo NAteEROGes ESTs 2s Ne Lat-, tfoe tl” Long. 2980 malt... 31 July 1962; Andresen A1702 (MSC); San Gorgonio Ranger Dist., San Bernardino Nat. For., 34° 07' N. Lat., 116° 51’ W. Long., 3070 m alt. 4 Aug. 1962, Andresen and Lord Al721 (MSC); COLORADO: Pike's Peak, (probably early October) 1862, Parry s.n. (MO); Summit, Deer Mountain, Larimer Co.,
13 Aug. 1927 Woodson Jr. 1882 (MO) Teller County, western flank of Pike's Peak, on Fourmile Creek just north of junction with Oil Creek, Lat.
38° 51' N. Long. 105° 10' W. 8800 Ft. alt. 19 October 1965, Hawksworth and Stewart 831 (SIU); IDAHO: Pine Spring Pahsimersi River Valley, Cus- ter Co., 2 Aug. 1917, Eggleston 14002 (MO); MONTANA: Gros Bentres Fork, 12 June 1860, Hayden s.n. (MO)Old Marias Pass, 6000 ft. alt., Aug. 1883, Sargent s.n. (MO); NEBRASKA: Bad Lands, Sept. 1955, Hayden s.n. (MO); Polecreek of the Platte River, July 1856, Engelmann s.n. (MO); NEVADA: Austin Ranger District, Toiyabe Nat. For., 39° 23' N. Lat., 117° 04'
W. Long., 2540 m alt., 20 July 1962, Andresen and Andresen Jr. A1659 (MSC); NORTH DAKOTA: north of Marmarth, Slope Co., 46° 28' N. Lat.,
103° 55' W. Long., 763 m alt., 21 July 1961. Andresen, Andresen, Andre- sen Jr. A1049 (MSC); OREGON: Joseph Ranger District, Wallowa-Whitman Nateetorado> ly) Ne tat... cig 19. W. Long. , !600m alt... 3 Aug. 1961, Andresen and Miller A1196 (MSC); SOUTH DAKOTA: ''Needles", Custer State Park, Pennington Co., 20 June 1929, Palmer 37408 (MO); UTAH: Salina Ranger District, Fish Lake Nat. For., 38° 57' N. Lat., 111° 39" W. Long.,
6h PHY B10) L0G, TA Vol. 22, no. 2
2560 m alt., 14 July 1962, Andresen, Andresen Jr., and Hill A1616 (MSC); WYOMING: Loomis Creek, Natrona Co., 3 July 1901, Goodding 185 (MO).
As indicated earlier, James did not prepare any plant specimens of P. flexilis when he observed his new pine on 14 July 1820. In his description, James (1823) probably referred to immature but nearly full sized cones whose ovules were fertilized in the spring of 1820. His notation of "the stobiles erect, composed of large unarmed scales, being somewhat smaller than those of P. rigida, but similar in shape and exud- ing a great quantity of resin." is an accurate description of sessile, "green" cones (at times aborted or distorted by insect attack} that the senior author has also observed about mid-July. In spite of Engelmann's (1863) opinion that James confounded P. aristata and P. flexilis in his description, we contend that James observed and described P. flexilis by itself without confusion with P. aristata.
Since no type specimens were collected we hereby propose a neotype (Lanjouw et. al., 1961: Art. 7) based on the following material: COLORADO: El Paso County, eastern flank of Pike's Peak, % mile north of Ruxton Park Lat. 38° 51' N. Long. 104° 58' W. 9676 ft. alt. 14 July 1966, Andresen, Andresen, Barger A2125.
The neotype and mature cone which includes a conelet is housed at Southern Illinois University. Other specimens with folieage sprays and mature cones are on file at A, MO, MSC, and NA.
The neotype material is probably from the same locality or station visited by James (1823). From his description and map it seems that he and his party were in the Pike's Peak area from 11 through 15 July 1820 primarily to determine the elevation of Pike's Peak. The ascent of Pike's Peak and the resultant discovery of P. flexilis were ancillary to the triangulation exercise.
The following summary of James' trip is provided to help establish the route of James' ascent and possible points of observation of P. flexilis: After leaving the base camp near the confluence of Cheyenne and Fountain Creeks, James, his party of four men and Lt. Swift with his guide rode until 11 a.m. on the 13th. Lt. Swift set up his triangu- lation station, the horses were tethered and James, the guide and four men walked until noon when they encountered Manitou Springs. After lunch they ascended the Ruxton Creek drainage and probably camped near the present Ruxton Park. The next morning James described the view of the peak at a spot (possible the present hamlet of Mountain View) east southeast of the peak. By noon of the 14th they had reached and passed timber line and at 4 p.m. had attained the summit. After half an hour at the summit the party descended and camped at timber line. By noon of the 15th they were again at Manitou Springs without most of their baggage which had burned when a wild fire spread from their unattended campfire. No plant collections were made (primarily because of time shortage) but numerous new species were described and many left undes- cribed because of a shortage of time. The major point, however, is
1971 Andresen & Steinhoff, Pimus flexilis & P. strobiformis 65
that the ascent was up the eastern flank and slope of Pike's Peak; no collections or observations other than physiognomic or geologic were made of the other three slopes.
Pinus strobiformis Engelm. Pinus strobiformis Engelm., Sketch of the botany of Dr. A. Wis- lizenus's expedition. Sen. Misc. Doc. No. 26 (1848).
Pinus flexilis var. a serrulata Engel. Coniferae of Wheeler's ex- pedition. In Report upon U.S. geographical surveys west of the one hundreth meridian. Vol. VI p.258 (1878).
Pinus flexilis var. 8 macrocarpa Engelm. Coniferae of Wheeler's expedition in Report upon U.S. geographical surveys west of the one hundreth meridian. Vol. VI p. 258 (1878).
Pinus flexilis var. y reflexa Engelm. Coniferae of Wheeler's ex- pedition in Report upon U.S. geographical surveys west of the one hundreth meridian. Vol. VI p. 258 (1878).
Pinus flexilis var. magalocarpa Sudworth. Nomenclature of the arborescent flora of the United States, USDA, Division of For. Bull. No. 14:17 (1897).
Pinus reflexa Engelm. Bot. Gaz. 7: 4 (1882) Pinus ayacahuite Ehrenb. Linnaea. 12:492 (1838)
Pinus ayacahuite var. strobiformis Sargent ex Lemmon. Handbook of west-American cone-bearers. 4 (1892).
Pinus ayacahuite var. reflexa Voss. Deut. Dendrol. Gessell. Mitt. Vol. 16 p. 92 1907).
Pinus ayacahuite var. brachyptera Shaw. Pines of Mexico Pub. Arnold Arb. No. 1:11 1909.
Morphologic description of Sargent (1897) essentially correct but from our field observations it should be noted that second-year immature cone may be green or purple to lavender in color.
Distribution: Southern Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, the Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua, Durango, Nayarit, Sinola, and Sonora; and the Sierra Madre Oriental of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, and Tamaulipa.
Specimens examined: MEXICO: CHIHUAHUA: '"'Cosiquinachi" 17 September, 1846, Wislizenus
155 (MO) (Holotype); San Pedro Springs, Dec. 1906, Goodding 2114 (MO); DURANGO: Mesa de Sandia, "1903-07" Shaw "Set 8" (MO) (as P. ayacahuite
66 PH X% Tl OPLvOIGrivA Vol. 22, no. 2
var. brachyptera); Cerro de Viejo, 15 mi. W. Dulces Nombres, Zaragosa, 2800 m. alt., 18 Aug., 1948, Meyer and Rogers 3002 (MO) (as P. ayaca- huite var. brachptera [brachyptera] UNITED STATES: ARIZONA: Chiricahua Mts. , Barfoot Park, 8200 ft. alt., 20 Oct., 1906, Blumer 1311 (MO); Santa Catalina Mts., 7000 ft. alt., 3 Oct., 1937, Darrow s.n. (MO); Santa Rita Mts., 13 Aug., 1871, Rothrock 654 (MO) (Holotype); Santa Rita Mts. 6500-7500 ft. alt., 27 September, 1880, Sargent s.n. (MO); Santa Rita Mts., 6000-8000 ft. alt., 28 May, 1881, Pringle s.n., (MO) (as P. reflexa Engelm.); Indefinite, 13 Aug., 1874, collector unknown, 1635443 (MO): Indefinite 13 Aug. 1874, collector unknown, 654 (MO); Sanoita Valley,
13 Aug. 1874, collector unknown 1001 (MO). COLORADO: La Plata River 1 to 4emi Note MayaDay 372 2209N. Lat. LOS2(04 we. Long, 9000) £e;, allt. 12 Sept. 1964, Critchfield and Steinhoff 22 t 24 (CU); S. Fork of Rio Grande River, 215 mi S.W. of Baxterville, 37° 39' N. Lat. 106° 39.7' W. Long. 8300 ft. alt. 15 Sept. 1964 Critchfield and Steinhoff 2021 (CU). NEW MEXICO: Cloudcroft, 6000 ft. alt., 9 July 1909, von Schrenk s.n. (MO) (as P. flexilis); Mogollon Mts., Catron Co., 7000 ft. alt., 26 June 1947, Meyer and Meyer 2212 (MO); TEXAS: Davis Mts., Jeff Davis Co., 2300 m alt., 1 June, 1928, Palmer 34281 (MBG) (as P. flexilis var. re- flexa Engelm.); McKittrick Canyon, Guadalupe Mts., Culberson Co., 2400
m alt., 17 July 1931; Moore and Steyermark 3469 (MO) (as P. flexilis).
DISCUSSION
Pinus strobiformis Engelm. as considered here, is a distinct mountain inhabitant of the northern states of Mexico, western Texas, and southern Arizona and New Mexico, but as it is found farther north the higher ele- vational forms assume the morphology of P. flexilis. Hybrid swarms of P. flexilis and P. strobiformis are also found at higher elevations and with some representatives at 8000 ft., in southern Colorado. Although progeny tests (Steinhoff 1964; Steinhoff and Andresen 1971) revealed apomictic taxa, further investigations of putative hybrids and intro- gressed populations are called for. Successful artificial hybrids of P. flexilis and P. strobiformis have been produced, but their develop- ment under various environmental conditions has not yet been attempted. Also, the manner in which natural selection acts upon segregating hybrid progeny is not well understood.
Recently, an excellent series of maps (Critchfield and Little, 1966) has been released which depicts the geographic distribution of P. flexilis, P. strobiformis, and P. ayacahuite. In addition, their revision ( Little and Critchfield 1969) of the genus Pinus assembles within subsection Strobi Loud. the above three taxa, and by including P. armandii Franch. with Strobi, effectively disposed of group Flexiles Shaw. More impor- tant, however, are the opinions of Critchfield and Little that P. strobi- formis and P. ayacahuite are closely allied, which ties the three taxa into a taxonomic complex worthy of more intensive study.
Earlier chemotaxonomic work by Mirov (1953) linked P. strobiformis [P. reflexa] to P. ayacahuite through a series of intermediate forms whose biochemistry awaits expanded investigation. He placed P. flexilis in a separate chemical group, but suggested that P. parviflora Sieb. and
1971 Andresen & Steinhoff, Pinus flexilis & P. strobiformis 67 Zucc. formed a link between the former and P. strobiformis.
Considering recent advances in biochemical and numerical systema- tics, it is now appropriate to determine the taximetric and genetic affinities of the north to south complex of P. flexilis, P. strobiformis,
and P. ayacahuite.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to the director of the Missouri Botanical Garden for his cooperation in providing Pinus herbarium specimens to us for inspection. Also, Drs. D. Ugent and J. H. Beaman provided careful reviews of the manuscript.
68 Pon Ye TOP LeOIG etek Vol. 22, no. 2 LITERATURE CITED
Andresen, J. W. 1964. The taxonomic status of Pinus chiapensis. Phytologia 10:417-421.
Carriere, E.A. 1855. Traite general des Coniferes. Paris xv + 656 pp.
Coulter, J. M., and J. N. Rose. 1886. Synopsis of North American pines, based upon leaf-anatomy. Bot. Gazette 11:256-262.
Critchfield, W. B. and E. L. Little Jr. 1966. Geographic distribution of the pines of the world. U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 991 97 pp. illus.
Douglas, M. M. 1958. Intraspecific variation in Pinus flexilis. J. Colo. -— Wyo. Acad. Sci. 4:30-31.
Ehrenberg, C. 1838. Vorlaufige nachricht uber die mexicanischen Coni- feren, von Herauageber. Linnaea 12: 486-496.
Engelmann, G. 1848. Sketch of the botany of Dr. A. Wislizenus' Expedi- tion. Senate Misc. Doc. No. 26. 141 pp. + maps and charts.
. 1863. On Pinus aristata, a new species of pine, discovered by Dr. C. C. Parry in the alpine regions of Colorado Territory, and on some other pines of the Rocky Mountains. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 2:205-214.
. 1871. Coniferae of Wheeler's expedition in Report upon U.S. geographical surveys west of the one hundreth meridian in charge of G. M. Wheeler. U.S. Geogr. Surv. 6:258.
. 1880. Revision of the genus Pinus, and description of Pinus elliottii. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 4:161-190.
1882. Notes on western conifers. Bot. Gazette 7:4.
Gaussen, H. 1960. Les Gymnospermes. Actuelles et fossiles. Fascicule VI, Chapter XI. Generalities. Genre Pinus Travaux ce Laboretoire Forestier du Toulouse, Sec. 1, Vol. 2. pt. a, 272 pp. Illus. Toulouse, France.
Hooker, S. J. 1840, Flora Boreali - Americana Vol. II 328pp London, Henry G. Bohn.
James, E., 1823. Account of an expedition from Pittsburg to the Rocky
Mountains. Philadelphia, H.C. Carey and I. Lea. Vol. 2 442pp + xcviii
Appendix.
1971 Andresen & Steinhoff, Pinus flexilis & P. strobiformis 69 LITERATURE CITED (CONTINUED)
Little, E. L. Jr. 1950. Southwestern trees. Agriculture Handbook No. 9. U.S. Gov. Printing Office ii + 109 pp.
1953. Check list of native and naturalized trees of the United States (including Alaska). Agriculture Handbook No. 41. UsS. Gov. Printing Office iii +472 pp.
. and W. B. Critchfield. 1969 Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. 1144, 51 pp, illus.
Martinez, M. 1948. Los pinos Mixicanos. Ed. 2 Mexico 361 pp.
Mirov, N. T. 1953. Taxonomy and chemistry of the white pines. Madrono 12:81-89.
Nuttall, T. 1853. The North American sylva Philadelphia: Robert P. Smith, Vol. III, 152 pp. + 40 plates.
Parlatore, P. 1868. Gymnospermae in De Candolle, A. Prodromus systema- tics naturalis regni vegetabilis Paris, V. Masson and Sons, Vol. 16 Pt. 11:345-521.
Parry, C. C. and G. Engelmann. 1862. Supplements to the enumeration of plants of Dr. Parry's collection in the Rocky Mountains. (Art. XXIX) Am. Jour. Sci. Ser. 2, 34:330-332.
Rydberg, P. 1905. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora-XV Torrey Bot. Club Bull. 32:597-610.
Sargent, C.S. 1889 Notes upon some North American trees XIV. No. 352, Pinus reflexa Engelm. Garden and Forest. 2:496-497.
. 1897. The silva of North America. Vol. XI. Coniferae. New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Co. 163 pp Illus.
. 1905. Manual of the trees of North America (exculsive of Mexico). Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston and New York. xxiii + 826pp.
. 1922. Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico). Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston and New York. xxvi + 910pp.
Shaw, G. R. 1909. The pines of Mexico. Pub. Arnold Arb. No. 1 iv + 30pp. illus.
70 PH Ye TiOeLO1G srk Vol. 22, no. 2 LITERATURE CITED (CONTINUED) 1914. The genus Pinus, Pub. Arnold Arb. No. 5 96pp. illus.
Soto, J. Vasquez, W. Barrett and E. L. Little Jr. 1962. Semmar and study tour of Latin American conifers. FAO, English Ed. No. 1 x + 209 pp.
Standley, P. C. 1920. Trees and shrubs of Mexico. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium Vol. 23:54-55.
Steinhoff, R. J. 1964. Taxonomy, nomenclature, and variation within the Pinus flexilis complex. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Michigan State University. vi + 8lpp.
Sudworth, G. B. 1897. Nomenclature of the arborescent flora of the U.S. D-AL, Div. of For. Bull; No. L40yvii --1419pp)
. 1898. Check list of the forest trees of the United States their names and ranges. U.S.D.A. BU11. No. 17. 144pp.
. 1917. The pine trees of the Rocky Mountain region. U.S.D.A. Bull. 460. 47pp illus + 14 maps.
Voss, A. 1907. Coniferen - Nomenclatur - Tabell. Deut. Dendrol. Gesell. Mitt. 16:88-95.
. and J. W. Andresen, 1971. Geographic variation in Pinus flexilis and Pinus strobiformis and its bearing on their taxonomic status. (in press) Silvae Genetica.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON GRAMMITIS IN ECUADOR
Gua View MOGEOn
In 1967 I published a brief revision of the genus Grammitis in Ecuador (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 38: 85--123. 1967), based mostly on the material in the U. S. National Herbarium. Through the kindness of Sir George Taylor, Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and of Dr. Frances Jarrett, I have had on loan some of the material from Kew for study, and this has enabled me to amplify or modify some of my remarks, and has also provided the type material for two rather remarkable new species.
Grammitis aphelolepis Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 38: 97. 1967. Additional Ecuadorean specimen examined: 'In regione frigida andium Pastoensium ad arborum truncis,'' Jameson 370 (K).
Grammitis attenuatissima (Copel.) Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. Feet 25 LOGi/, Additional Ecuadorean collections examined: Niebli, Sodiro 177 (K). Andes Quitenses, Spruce 5634 (K). These two collections are larger than the type and have more numerous veins but seem otherwise typical.
Grammitis asplenifolia (L.) Proctor, Brit. Fern Gaz. 9: 76. 1962.
Polypodium asplenifolium L. Sp. Pl. 1084. 1753. Type: Petiver,
Pterid. t. 7, f. 16. Petiver's plate, the sole basis for the species (excluding Linnaeus' var 8) is a redrawing of Plumier, Tract. Fil. t. 102A, representing a plant from Martinique. This is not by any means a good representation of the species commonly called P. asplenifolium although it may have been intended to
be that.
In my treatment of Grammitis in Ecuador I should probably have in- cluded G. asplenifolia, for this species had been reported from Ecuador by Sodiro (Crypt. Vasc. Quit. 318. 1893, under the name P. suspensum L.), but I did not because so many of Sodiro's records are suspect. That his report is indeed accurate is shown by a specimen at Kew from near Niebly, Ecuador, collected by Sodiro, July, 1873. This specimen represents the large, long-stipitate form that is the commonest in the Andes and which perhaps deserves a varietal name. In my key G. asplenifolia will run directly to G. lehmanniana (Hieron.) Morton, which is indeed very closely allied. The latter is not well enough known, but apparently differs somewhat in having more and somewhat larger segments, more numerous veinlets, and perhaps a denser pubescence. It is not certain if the stipe is bent at the apex in G. lehmanniana as it characteristically is in G. asplenifolia.
fal
72 PY TOL OG Ger A Vol. 22, no. 2
Copeland, in his "Ctenopteris in America," adopted for this species
the name C. suspensa (L.) Copel. I have elsewhere (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 38: 58. 1967) commented on the identity of Polypodium suspensum L., and came to the conclusion that this species is by no means the same as P. asplenifolium L. but is probably the same as P. jubiforme Kaulf., for which it would be the earliest name if adopted. However, this can hardly be proved definitely at the present time and so I prefer to consider P. suspensum L. as dubious, for to adopt the name in preference to P. jubiforme would be Poaeneiue and not justifiable unless the change “could be shown to be absolutely unavoidable.
Grammitis blepharolepis (C. Chr.) Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. Sz 98 L96i7F
Additional Ecuadorean specimens examined: Eastern Andes of Quito, Jameson (K). '"'Crescit in devexis Andium regione sylvatica super arborum alt. 7000 ped.,"' Jameson 350 (K). "In sil. subandin. occident.,"' Sodiro 48/184 (K). Quito, Jameson (K). Andes of Ecuador, Spruce uce 5273 er
This species has been known in Ecuador from only one collection, but it is evidently quite common. Most of the above collections, none of which have any specific localities strangely, have been referred to G. trichomanoides (Swartz) Ching, which they do indeed resemble. However, they agree with G. blepharolepis in having ciliate rhizome scales.
Grammitis cuencana (Hieron.) Morton
This species, previously known only from the type from Cuenca, Ecuador (Lehmann 5728) may now be reported from five other collections: Chimborazo, August, 1860, Spruce (K), Steere (K); Playa de Antombos, Rio Pastaza, Spruce 5274 (K); Quito, Jameson (K); and Surucucho, Jameson (K). It is recognizable by its small size, few veins, and numerous black setae on the lower surfaces.
Grammitis cultrata (Willd.) Proctor, Rhodora 63: 35. 1961.
Additional Ecuadorean specimen examined: Pendent epiphyte in deep, in montane forest, steep-sided valley 5 miles northeast of Borja, Cerro Antisana, Prov. Pichincha, 5,300 feet alt., July 30, 1960, Grubb et al, 1110 (US).
Grammitis daguensis (Hieron.) Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 38: Neiq LOZ) -
When publishing the combination G. daguensis, I predicted that this Colombian species would be found in Ecuador, and a specimen has now come to my attention: In the forests of Esmeraldas, Ecuador, on trunks of trees at 5,000 feet elevation, Jameson (K).
Grammitis erecta Morton, sp. nov. Rhizoma erectum, terrestre, crassum, 14--24 cm. longum (ad 50 cm. fide Spruce), 2--3 mm.diam., dense et ubique paleaceum, paleis
1971 Morton, Grammitis in Ecuador 73
persistentibus, late lanceolatis, appressis, magnis, 7--9 mm. longis et ultra, 2--3 mm. latis et ultra, integris, non ciliatis, iri- descentibus, imbricatis, gradatim attenuatis, apice obtusis, non filiformibus, paullo involutis, eleganter clathratis cellulis numerosissimis, basi in 50-seriebus et ultra, non valde elongatis, saepe subrectangularibus, parietibus non incrassatis, tenuibus, marginalibus transversis parvis et non valde prominentibus; frondes erectae, dissitae, non numerosae; stipites plus minusve crassi, 1--2.5 cm. longi, ca. 1.0 mm. diam., teretes sed utrinque latere minutissime alati, glabri, non setiferi; laminae rigidae, 14--18 cm. longae, 1.0--1.4 cm. latae, apice attenuatae et forsan indeterminatae, basi attenuatae, rhachi ubique anguste alata, atra, utrinque glabra et non squamosa; segmenta numerosissima, 60-juga et ultra, hori- zontalia, valid coriacea et rigida, medialia oblonga, ca. 4-plo longiora quam latiora, 6--7 mm. long, ca. 1.5 mm. medio lata, margine paullo incurva, alterna, omnia basi late adnata, basalia minora, triangularia, infima valde reducta et anguste semilunata, 3 mm. basi lata et vix 1 mm. longa, omnia glabra, non setosa, opaca; costa et venae immersae, obscurae, costa flexuosa, venis in segmentis maximis 4-jugis, brevibus; sori superficiales, pauci, saepe 1 vel 2 paria, magnae, dorsales in venulis non terminales; sporangia numerosa, glabra, non setosa, tenuiter pedicellata.
Type in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, collected on Mount Tunguragua, Ecuador, November 1857, by R. Spruce, no. 5279A. A paratype is also from Tunguragua, at 9000 feet alt., Spruce 5413 (K).
Neither of the above-mentioned specimens has previously been identified. They are obviously of the group of Grammitis moniliformis (Lag.) Proctor, but differ from the common moniliformis itself and from its allies in being much more robust, the thick rhizome being apparently erect, up to two feet high according to the collector, and with erect leaves. The general habit is somewhat like Grammitis assurgens (Maxon) Morton. The rhizome scales are exceedingly large and rather closely inrolled. They are fragile and difficult to get off without being fragmented. They have more rows of cells than in any previously known species, more than 50 rows. The great difference in aspect from G. moniliformis or G. assurgens is due to the shape of the segments, which are about four times as long as broad in G. erecta and only as long as broad or at least not more than about twice as long as broad in the other two species. In spite of the segments being much longer they have hardly any more pairs of veinlets than G. moniliformis, about four pairs in the largest segments. However, due to the narrowness of the segments the veinlets are short, which obscures to a certain degree the fact that the sori are borne dorsally on the veinlets and not terminally. There are few sori to a segment in the material at hand, mostly only one pair, but this may be an indi- vidual peculiarity.
7h PHT OL Olah Vol. 22, no. 2
Grammitis intricata Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 38: 101. 1967. Additional Ecuadorean collections examined: Andes of Quito, Jameson 77 (FI). Volcdn Cotopaxi, 13,000 feet, Jameson 439 (FI). This species has previously been known only from the type. The first collection cited above has the segments quite glabrous above, and so my description should be modified to this effect; the type has the segments very sparsely setose above near the margins.
Grammitis lehmanniana (Hieron.) Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 38; 104. 1967.
A second Ecuadorean collection, quite typical of the species, may now be reported: Foot of Mount Chimborazo, Prov. Chimborazo, Ecuador, August, 1860, Spruce 5711 (K). The only previously known specimen from Ecuador was from the Province of Napo-Pastaza.
An allied Colombian species is Grammitis longisetulosa (Copel.) Morton, comb. nov. (basionym: Ctenopteris longisetulosa Copel. Phil. Journ. Sci. 84: 461. 1955). The type of this is stated by Copeland as "Colombia, Dept. Antioquia, Rionegro; 1. Bro. Daniel 68a," which is inaccurate. The holotype is in the U. S. National Herbarium, although not so stated by Copeland. I do not understand what Copeland's '1."" stands for, since there is nothing on the label like this. The correct number is Daniel 680, not 68a. This species differs from G. lehmanniana and its allies in having fewer segments and a blade that is more or less triangular in outline, being truncate at base. The species is placed by Copeland in the group of meridensis, probably on the basis of the blade shape, but that is by no means the alliance of this or of G. lehmanniana, which are much closer to the group of sericeo-lanata, i.e. Grammitis lanigera, which consists of delicate epiphytes with flaccid, pendent, densely pilose blades and pilose sporangia.
Grammitis leucosticta (J. Smith) Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 38g UI22 SLI 6i. Additional Ecuadorean collection examined: Pichincha, August, 1858, Spruce 5636 (K).
Grammitis mathewsii (Kunze ex Mett.) Morton, Amer. Fern Journ. 60: 66. 1970. Polypodium mathewsii Kunze ex Mett. Abhandl. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesell. 2: 74. 1856. Syntypes: Chachapoyas, Peru, Mathews 1811, 3281 (B, not seen). In my key to Grammitis in Ecuador, this peculiar species ought to be inserted at the top of page 91, which should then read: Segments with a costa, this with pinnate veinlets (sect. Cryptosorus). Veinlets forked or else variously anastomosing. Epiphytes. Fronds not setose beneath; rhizome scales not ciliate; blades lobed to pinnatifid but not pinnatisect, except in G. mathewsii.
1971 Morton, Grammitis in Ecuador 75
Fronds white-ceraceous beneath, but not at all setose. Segments elongate, not fully confluent, auriculate at the upper base. G. farinosa Fronds not white-ceraceous beneath.
Sori sunken, round or slightly elongate; blades not pinnatifid, merely slightly lobed, with an elongate, entire basal portion, sparsely setiferous on the costa beneath and copiously ciliate; veins more or less regularly anastomosing to form a series of costal areoles. Texture spongiose. (Probably, mot! din, Rouador)s:.\ 55) 6» ta, ag Sakon ten oe Ge eR Lepata
Sori superficial; blades pinnatifid or lobed; veins free or anastomosing.
Veins free or only a few casually anastomosing.
Blades at base deeply pinnatifid almost to the rhachis, elongate and narrow, truncate at base, the segments united by only a narrow wing. Texture firm.
G. melanopus
Blades shallowly lobed to pinnatifid, short-decurrent at base, the rhachis wing broader, at least 1 mm. broad, the segments or lobes short and broad. Texture spongiose.
Blades linear, just slightly lobed. ... . G. trichosora Blades broader than linear.
Blades with an accessory veinlet arising from the costa; basal superior veinlet running toward and nearly reaching the sinus; blades deeply pinnatifid, the larger ones with a costal wing only ca. 1 mm. wide on,edtherjside.y 0) «> ce. Whe eee. 1-9niG-) enLnens
Blades with no veinlets BEleing from the costa apart from the main lateral veins; basal superior veinlet not nearly reaching the sinus; blades shallowly lobed to pinnatifid, the costal wing always broad.
G. trifurcata Veins regularly anastomosing.
Blades deeply pinnatisect, densely setose throughout ; venation goniophlebioid, with regular costal areoles, these with a single included fertile veinlet; texture ESM | ane =) Uke een: ° deretcloh yf) i? otGehomaithewai 7.
Blades entire or aunt SLghely lates not pinnatifid, setose only on stipes, margins, oe in sori; costal areoles irregular, without included veinlets, the sori in several rows outside of costal areole; texture Spongioseia gi aes baw wy.) Ala Loy wb es ey Gab LAChosora
Grammitis melanopus (Grev. & Hook.) Morton, comb. nov. Polypodium melanopus Grev. & Hook., in Hook. Bot. Misc. 3: 384, Emer. e1Ss5 2 Ctenopteris melanopus (Grev. & Hook.) Copel. Phil. Jour. Sci. 84: 404. 1955.
76 1 Jol ye (0) 26) (0) (ch aE Vol. 22, no. 2
Type: Surucucho, Ecuador, Jameson, Sept. 21, 1830 (holotype K, Morton photograph 15419).
In my paper on Grammitis in Ecuador, I left this species among the dubious ones, not being able to match the original description and illustration with any material. An examination of the type shows that the species is a good one, that has probably never been found again since Jameson found it in 1830. Copeland placed it in the group of capillaris, but it does not at all belong there, but rather in the group of meridensis, as shown by the truncate base of the blade, the coriaceous texture, and the glabrate condition of the stipe and lamina. The lamina is just slightly setose on the margins by elongate, sparse setae; there are no setae on the stipe, midribs, or surfaces. The blade is nearly pinnatisect at the base, although even here there is a very narrow rachis wing. The sori do not have any setae intermixed and the sporangia are not setose; the veins of the larger segments have about 20 pairs of veinlets, all of these forked, and some bearing sori terminal on the anterior branch. This species will be found inserted in the new key provided above under G. mathewsii.
Grammitis moniliformis (Lag.) Proctor, Brit. Fern Gaz. 9: 219. 1965. In 1967, I listed Polypodium subcrenatum Hook. (Icon. Pl. 8:
t. 719. 1848) as a synonym on the basis of the treatment in the
"Index Filicum."’ I have now seen an isotype, Andes of Quito,
Jameson 215 (FI, Morton photograph 16012), which shows that this
species is quite typical moniliformis. A synonym of G. moniliformis
that I did not mention in my paper is Jamesonia adnata Kunze, Farnkr.
2: 80, t. 133, £. 1. 1851, based on a collection from the Paramo
de Tolima, Colombia, Linden 1006 (isotype FI, Morton photograph
16010). The description of this common species as a new species
of the unrelated genus Jamesonia must be ascribed to a temporary
aberration of the usually reliable Kunze.
Polypodium patentissimum Mett. ex Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 134. 1869.
Ctenopteris patentissimum (Mett. ex Kuhn) Copel. Phil. Jour.
Sea. 64): 459), al955). Type: Mount Chimborazo, Ecuador, 3000 feet alt., Spruce 5713 (holotype B, a single frond).
This is another instance of the close similarity at least super- ficially between Polypodium and Grammitis, for Copeland transferred this species to Ctenopteris without a question and yet it is actually a Polypodium of the P. plumula alliance. It is evident that the cited altitude '3,000 feet'' is an error, for even the base of Chimborazo is at a greater elevation than that.
Grammitis phlegmaria (J. Smith) Proctor, Rhodora 68: 467. 1966. Polypodium phlegmaria J. Smith, London Journ. Bot. 1: 194. 1842. Type: Mount Roraima, Venezuela, Schomburgk 161 (K, photograph US).
1971 Morton, Grammitis in Ecuador Th
Polypodium subdimidiatum Baker, in Hook. & Bak. Syn. Fil. 324. 1867. Syntypes: Venezuela, Fendler 207; Ecuador, Jameson 2122; British Guiana, Appun 1130.
In my treatment of Grammitis in Ecuador I overlooked the fact that Polypodium subdimidiatum Baker was based partly on Ecuadorean material, and so I did not mention the name. This species was reduced by Copeland to Ctenopteris phlegmaria without question, but there is no evidence that Copeland ever saw any of the syntypes. It is likely that at least the British Guiana specimen is truly G. phlegmaria and the Fendler collection also. The Ecuadorean may possibly be different, although I have not seen it. I have in hand a collection, Jameson 756 (K), from Archidona, Province of Napo- Pastaza, Ecuador, that is close to G. phlegmaria and yet which is somewhat different in its smaller segments which have four low rounded lobes on the upper side, whereas typical G. phlegmaria has mostly just a superior basal lobe. Incidentally, I should point out that the new combination G. phlegmaria (J. Smith) Morton in my Grammitis paper (l.c. p. 103, written earlier but not published until 1967) was previously proposed by Proctor in 1966.
Grammitis pichinchae (Sodiro) Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 38: Piel 6i7.. Additional Ecuadorean collection examined: Tunguragua, in 1860, Spruce 6580 (K).
Grammitis pilipes (Hook.) Morton, comb. nov.
Polypodium pilipes Hook. Icon. Pl. 3: t. 221. 1840. Type:
Chachapoyas, Peru, Mathews in 1838 (holotype K). Ctenopteris capillaris sensu Copel. Phil. Journ. Sci. 84: 402. 1955 as to concept not basionym.
Copeland did not see the type of Polypodium capillare Desv. (Mag. Naturf. Freund. Berlin 5: 316. 1811) and evidently assumed that it was a South American species, for he restricted the appli- cation of the name to a species occurring from Costa Rica south to Peru. This species with entire rhizome scales and a tendency for the segments of the blades to become elongate or even pinnatifid proves to be quite different from the holotype of P. capillare Desv. (P, photograph US) which is from Jamaica. This holotype is actually the same as the Jamaican species described as P. graveolens Baker, as noted by Proctor (Brit. Fern Gaz. 9: 218. 1965) without comment while making the new combination Grammitis capillaris (Desv.) Proctor. Proctor did not consider the identity of the species wrongly called capillaris by Copeland. Copeland mentions other synonyms of his "capillaris," but they are all of later date than pilipes--namely P. blandum Fée, P. decipiens Hook., P. pozuzoense Baker, P. fucoides Christ, and P. crassulum Maxon. Of these, P. fucoides (syn. P. crassulum), of Costa Rica, seems to me clearly different in its large size, coarse habit, thick texture, and especially in the very large, round sori. It may be known as
78 Pee TO: OFGi tek Vol. 22, no. 2
Grammitis fucoides (Christ) Morton, comb. nov. (basionym Polypodium fucoides Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II, 5: 2. 1905).
Grammitis pseudonutans (Christ & Rosenst.) Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 38: 114. 1967. Additional Ecuadorean specimens examined: Mount Tunguragua, Spruce 5279 (K), 5279B (K). These specimens are topotypes that agree closely with the type material.
Grammitis recondita Morton, sp. nov.
Rhizoma ut videtur epiphyticum, breve, erectum, tenue, paleis apicalibus numerosis, persistentibus, anguste lineari-lanceolatis, ca. 2.5 mm. longis, 1.5 mm. basi latis, gradatim attenuatis apice unicellularibus, iridescentibus, cellulis basi ca. 6-serialibus, anguste oblongis, parietibus atrorubris, parietibus externis hyalinis pallide flavis, marginalibus valde tenuibus ergo paleis ut videtur dentatis propter parietibus atrorubris marginalibus transversis procurrentibus; stipites 1--2 cm. longi, delicati et gracillimi, ca. 0.2--0.25 mm. diam., teretes, glabri, non setosi, non paleati; laminae 16--28 cm. longae, 3--4 cm. latae, delicatissimae, evidenter pendulae, pallide virides, fere pinnatae basi, alternatim valde decurrentes, rhachi gracillima et fere filiformi, ca. 0.2 mm. diam., nigrescente, subtus glabra, nitente; segmenta alterna, linearia, numerosa, ca. 30-juga, valde adscendentia, subapicalia maxima usque ad 3.5 cm. longa et 1.5 mm. lata, basalia valde reducta, omnia membranacea, pallide viridia, glabra, non squamosa, basi longe in rhachi decurrentia, non dentata vel pinnatifida sed paullo undulata; costa flexuosa, venulis remotis, ca. 14-jugis in segmentis maximis, simplicibus, non marginem attingentibus, alternis, venula prima in latere superiore, eis in latere superiore longioribus quam in latere inferiore, eis inferioribus propiis ad venulam superiorem basalem quam venulam distalem; sori pauci, in venulis terminales, paullo elongati, paullo depressi; sporangia pauca, non setosa vel pilifera, fere sessilia, annulo atro, parietibus lateralibus pallidis.
Type in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, collected in the forests of Archidona, Province of Napo-Pastaza, Ecuador, by W. Jameson.
The type specimen was referred by Hooker to his Polypodium decipiens, and so it is one of the five syntypes of this species, but it can not be the lectotype because it does not agree with the description or illustration of Hooker (Sp. Fil. 4: 231,
t. CCLXXIX, B. 1864), which call for a plant with some of the
pinnae pinnatifid. Hooker's figure of P. decipiens was drawn
from Moritz 337 from Venezuela, and this specimen (K) is here designated lectotype. Polypodium decipiens thus typified is
close to or probably synonymous with Grammitis pilipes (Hook.) Morton. The present species, Grammitis recondita, is doubtless
close also to G. pilipes, from which it differs primarily in having glabrous rather than strongly setose stipes. The plant is altogether
1971 Morton, Grammitis in Ecuador 79
more delicate and evidently limply pendulous; the pinnae are rather spaced out and show no tendency to become toothed, lobed, or pinnatifid, or elongate and variously modified as they commonly are in G. pilipes. The sori also are somewhat sunken in small depressions.
In my key to Grammitis in Ecuador this species will run down near G. subsessilis (Baker) Morton and G. pseudocapillaris (Rosenst. ) Morton. From the rather common G. subsessilis, G. recondita differs in its thin texture, narrower pinnae, not completely alate rhachis, and especially in the lower segments not being reduced to minute, rounded, semilunate lobes. Probably more closely allied is G. pseudocapillaris, which differs in having ciliate rhizome scales, and in the rhachis and costae beneath being at least slightly setose rather than glabrous. There is also a rather subtle difference in aspect. It is possible that Steyermark 53475, from Azuay, which I referred to G. pseudocapillaris in my revision, is really G. recondita, but rhizome scales are lacking.
Grammitis semihirsuta (Klotzsch) Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. BGs) 13. 1967.
Additional Ecuadorean specimens examined: Quisaya, Feb., 1874, Sodiro (K). Tunguragua, Spruce s. n. (K), (with notation cf. 5283; the true 5283 represents apparently a form of G. taxifolia).
An allied Colombian species with smaller and closer segments, less prominent veins, and rhizome scales more densely grayish ciliate is Grammitis oreophila (Maxon) Morton, comb. nov. (basionym: Polypodium o: oreophilum Maxon, Contr. Gray Herb. 165: 72. 1947).
The species is still known only from the holotype: Cerro Armas, Santander, 1200-1500 m., July 26, 1936, Haught 1959 (US). In his account of Ctenopteris semihirsuta Copeland remarks: "There is wide variation in the pubescence of the lamina. Because it has been treated as distinct I let Polypodium oreophilum so stand," which seems to indicate that he has some doubt of oreophilum being different from semihirsuta, and yet in the same paper he transfers oreophilum to Ctenopteris ‘tenopteris and places the species in an entirely different group from semihirsuta, the group of sericeo-lanata, to which it is not at all allied.
Grammitis sodiroi (Christ & Rosenst.) Morton var. brevipes Morton, var. nov.
A var typica stipitibus brevioribus, 2--4 (raro 7) cm. longis, et crassioribus, ca. 1 mm. diam., differt.
Type in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, collected on Mount Tunguragua, Province of Tunguragua, Ecuador, November, 1857, by Re spruce, no. 5279’:
Paratypes: Near Tipococha, Province of Chimborazo-Cafiar border, Ecuador, 9,800-10,400 feet alt., July 6--9, 1945, Camp E-4076 (US). Small wooded quebrada 5 km. north of Hacienda Pitién, Province of Imbabura, Ecuador, 10,850 feet alt., June 25, 1944, Wiggins 10,359 (US).
80 PHYTOL OG A Vol. 22, no. 2
In my Grammitis in Ecuador paper, I listed the Camp and Wiggins collections as probably aberrant specimens of G. sodiroi. The finding of still a third collection persuades me that this plant deserves a name; it may well be that it is specifically distinct but I prefer to regard it as only a variety at present. The typical G. sodiroi, which is known only from Mount Tunguragua, has longer (5--12 cm.) stipes, and these are generally more slender, often only 0.5 mm in diameter, although the stouter ones may reach 0.9 mm. The type of the variety, Spruce 5279, was probably con- sidered by Spruce as the same as Spruce 5279A, and the "A" number may have been assigned by Hooker rather than by Spruce himself. However, 5279A is the type of the new species G. erecta, described elsewhere in this paper; it does indeed bear a strong similarity to 5279, but the two must be different. In 5279A the rhizome scales are narrower and taper to a long, one-celled tip; the rhachis bears long black setae, rather than being glabrous, and some setae are borne also among the sporangia in the sori, whereas G. erecta is completely non-setose. The segments in G. sodiroi var. brevipes are also typically more elongate, with more numerous veinlets and sori. It appears that G. erecta is terrestrial, with an erect rhizome and erect fronds, whereas according to the label data by Camp and Wiggins G. sodiroi var. brevipes is epiphytic and with pendent fronds.
Grammitis subflabelliformis (Rosenst.) Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 38: 104. 1967. Additional Ecuadorean collections examined: Cerro de Abitagua, Spruce 5271 (K, isotype). Mount Pichincha, 4000 feet alt., July, 1876, André 3128 (K).
Grammitis subscabra (Klotzsch) Morton, comb. nov.
Polypodium subscabrum Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 377. 1847.
Polypodium pichinchense Hieron. Bot. Jahrb. Engler 34: 506. 1904. Lectotype: Ecuador, 3,000-3,400 m., May, 1862, Jameson (B).
Polypodium ecuadorense C. Chr. Ted. Fil. 524. 1906. Based on P. pichinchense Hieron., not P. pichinchae Sodiro. Illegitimate renaming.
Ctenopteris ecuadorensis (C. Chr.) Copel. Phil. Journ. Sci. 84: 434. 1955. Illegitimate, since earliest available epithet pichinchensis was not adopted.
Grammitis pichinchensis (Hieron.) Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. SyG lili, UeXoy/E
Type: Mérida, Venezuela, Moritz 332 (isotype K, photo 15441).
Copeland in his revision of American Ctenopteris considered
Polypodium subscabrum Klotzsch as a dubious member of the genus, and since I had not seen any authentic material I followed him in my treatment of Grammitis in Ecuador by recognizing P. subscabrum sensu Hook. non Klotzsch = P. pichinchense Hieron. as a distinct species. However, a recent examination of an isotype of P. subscabrum and a comparison with Jameson 51, from the Valley of
1971 Morton, Grammitis in Ecuador 81
Lloa, Ecuador, the basis of Hooker's concept of P. subscabrum and of his plate 274A in his "Species Filicum, vol. 4), shows 0 obvious differences between the Ecuadorean plants and the isotype from Venezuela. The small, black, ciliate rhizome scales, red-setose stipe, dark setose blades, and obvious lime-dots above, and the elongate, lax blades are fairly characteristic.
Grammitis taxifolia (L.) Proctor, Rhodora 63: 35. 1961. Additional Ecuadorean collections: Cerro de Abitagua, in 1857, Spruce 5283 (K). Pichincha, Jameson (K). Sin. loc., Jameson (K).
Grammitis trichosora (Hook.) Morton, comb. nov.
Polypodium trichosorum Hook. Second Century t. 12. 1860.
Type: Forests of Archidona, Andes of Quito, Ecuador, Jameson 349 (holotype K, Morton photograph 15890).
There may be some doubt about the type number and type locality, for Jameson 349 in Florence is from Nanegal, Ecuador, and represents a different species, Polypodium patentissimum Mett. There is in Florence a specimen of Jameson 348, also from Nanegal, which is near G. trichosora and could conceivably represent the same species; still, it has the sori in one row only and the veins all free, and so is not by any means identical.
In my paper on Grammitis in Ecuador, I listed Polypodium trichosorum Hook. as a doubtful synonym of G. crispata (J. Smith) Morton, going on the description and plate alone. An examination of the type shows that the two are amply distinct, especially in the sori, which are in pits in G. crispata and superficial in G. trichosora. The venation is also very different, for G. crispata has regular areoles along the costa of the blade, these elongate and without an in- cluded veinlet. The venation in G. trichosora, not shown by Hooker, is highly irregular, without regular, narrow costal areoles but with the veinlets often irregularly anastomosing at the middle or beyond. It is likely that Polypodium ecostatum Sodiro, which I also listed as a possible synonym of G. crispata, is really a synonym of G. trichosora, but I have seen no authentic material. Therefore, G. crispata, which was reported in Ecuador only on the basis of these two reputed synonyms, should be excluded from the flora of Ecuador. For its place in my key to Grammitis in Ecuador, see the key presented above under G. mathewsii.
Grammitis truncicola (Klotzsch) Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 38: 98. 1967.
Additional Ecuadorean specimen examined: In forest at San Pablo, on Rio Pamplona, Selva Alegra, southwest of Volcd4n Cotacachi, Prov. Imbabura, 6000 feet, Nov. 30, 1943, Ownbey 2616b (US). This is the third known collection from Ecuador, the other two, the syntypes of Polypodium andinum Hook., having been collected more than 125 years ago.
82 Peo T0800 Gates Vol. 22, no. 2 Extra-limital Species
Grammitis kaieteura (Jenm.) Morton, comb. nov. Polypodium kaietureum Jenm. Ferns Fern-allies Brit. W. Ind. Guian. 262. 1908. Ctenopteris kaieteura (Jenm.) Copel. Phil. Journ. Sci. 84: 439. 1955: Type: Kaieteur Plateau, British Guiana, Jenman 1423 (not seen). A new record for this species is Mount Roraima, Venezuela,
Schomburgk 1146 (K).
Grammitis pennellii (Copel.) Morton, comb. nov.
Ctenopteris pennellii Copel. Phil. Journ. Sci. 84: 397. 1955.
Type: "San José,'' San Antonio, Department of El Cauca, Colombia, 2400-2700 m. alt., June 28, 1922, Pennell & Killip 7379 (holotype US). Copeland cited the type as "1. Pennell & Killip 7379," but I do not know what the "1."' stands for, since there is nothing of the sort on the label. He also omitted to mention the locality and the herbarium in which the type is deposited.
This species is still known only from the type. It belongs to the group of G. moniliformis, but differs in the conspicuously dark setose rhachis beneath, and the setose midribs and sori. It is a much larger plant with more elongate segments than moniliformis or its near allies.
Grammitis sodiroi (Christ & Rosenst.) Morton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 38: 114. 1967. The following is the first record of this species outside Ecuador: Volcan Azufral, Department of Narifio, Colombia, 3800 m. alt., March 18, 1876, on roots of shrubs in cloud-forest, André 3286 (K). Azufral is not so far north of the Ecuadorean border.
National Museum of Natural History Washington, D. C. 20560
DAVID DOUGLAS
Otto & Isa Degener
David Douglas is so famous for his plant introductions that pub- lished copies of his biography and of his diary are to be found in about every larger botanical library in the World. To repeat any of these accounts would be redundant. We in Hawaii noted a few obscure observations that we wish to add to the internationally known story of his tragic death.
The late *Mrs. Albert Pierce Taylor, an akamai alii or brilliant Hawaiian lady related to King Kamehameha I and the widow of the local historian Albert P. Taylor, told the kane writer in the early '30s the natives’ version of Douglas" death as she knew it. The Caucasian Botany Bay convict, who hunted feral cattle for a living on the slopes of Mauna Kea, according to Mrs. Taylor, had a Hawaiian as wife. Doug= las made such a favorable impression on the latter that the disreput- able husband became jealous. This was an element in causing Doug= las’ murder, a crime none of the Hawaiians at the time had the cour- age to report. Obviously the major motive for the murder was robbery as the following note, in an obscure column in the Hawaiian Herald for May 14, 1906, indicates:
"A.B. Loebenstein takes issue with Dr. Lyman who in ‘Hawaiian Yesterdays’ speaks of the death of the famous explorer Douglas, af- ter whom the Douglas pine was named. Of course it is well known that he was killed here in Hawaii and is buried in the Kawaiahao cemetery in Honolulu. Dr. Lyman repeats the story that he was found dead in a cattle trap where he had been gored by an animal which had previous- ly fallen in.
Loebenstein, who knows every inch of the country, says that this story is absolutely wrong as he has heard from natives. Douglas he insists, was murdered in cold blood by a white man, a bullock hunter who was an escaped Botany Bay convict. Douglas stayed at this man’s house and was incautious enough to show some money. In the morning he started out and was never seen alive again. The bullock hunter was seen following him but the natives were so afraid of the man that they never dared tell of it.
When Douglas’ body was found there was no money on it and the wounds which caused death were not made by goringe:,
Such is the story anyway but after all at this late date it does not really make much difference. Both murdered and murderer have been
judged in a very high court long ago."
We know that his mangled corpse was preserved in salt on Hawaii for shipment to Honolulu. In fact, Gorman D. Gilman, in his journal deposited in the Hawaiian Historical Society, reports that "Dr. Da-
*Emma Ahuena Taylor, friend of King Kalakaua and of his successor, Queen Liliuokalanie
83
8h PHYO LOG I & Vol. 22, no. 2
vid Douglas was found dead in a pit dug as a trap for wild cattle, on July 12, 1834, and his body was taken to Honolulu and buried in the Kawaiahao churchyard." Few know that by the time a fitting grave stone had been fashioned and shipped by sail from Europe around Cape Horn, no one remembered the location of his grave!
After recently attending the funeral of a friend in historic Ka- waiahao Church in Honolulu, we noted as part of the inner wall near the entrance a slab of white marble showing in low relief a likeness of David Douglas with appropriate inscription. We assume that this is the sculpture donated about 1856 by Julius L. Brenchley in Doug- las’ memory. Visitors to Honolulu should spend a few Sunday hours, no matter their faith, viewing the monument, thinking about Douglas, and listening to the unexcelled Polynesian voices of the Congregation in songe
NOTES ON BROMELIACEAR, XXXIIT
Lyman B. Smith
GUZMANIA MACROPODA L. B. Smith, sp. nov. A G. dudleyi L. B. Smith, cui affinis, bracteis florigeris pedicellisque magnis differt.
PLANT flowering 78 cm high. LEAVES rosulate, to 55 cm long, obscurely brown-lepidote beneath; sheaths elliptic, very dark castaneous at base; blades ligulate, rounded and apiculate, 4S mm wide. SCAPE erect, 5 mm thick at apex; scape-bracts erect, im- bricate, elliptic, apiculate. INFLORESCENCE 27 cm long, gla- brous, typically subsimple with a single lateral branch 8 cm long; primary bract Like the upper scape-bracts, much exceeding the naked sterile base of the branch; branches laxly flowered. FLORAL BRACTS elliptic, apiculate, to 5 cm long, about equaling the sepals or slightly shorter; flowers spreading; pedicels slen- der, to 20 mm long. SEPALS narrowly elliptic, rounded and apicu- late, ecarinate, membranaceous, 28 mm long, connate for 19 m; petals and stamens unknown. CAPSULE slenderly cylindric, about equaling the sepals; seeds with a red-brown coma. Pl. I, fig. 1: Floral bract and fruit; fig. 2: Reconstructed sepals.
PANAMA: PANAMA: top of Cerro Jefe, 900 m, 9 July 1966, Tyson, Dwyer & Blum 4446 (Summit Herbarium, Canal Zone, type; photo TS)
GUZMANIA VIRESCENS (Hook.) Mez var. LAXIOR L. B. Smith, var. nov. A var. virescenti scapi bracteis supremis quam internodiis brevioribus, inflorescentia omnino laxa differt.
PLANT flowering to 75 cm high. LEAVES rosulate, to 34 cm long, obscurely pale-lepidote beneath; sheaths finely purple- striped; blades 25 mm wide. SCAPE straight, slender; upper scape-bracts shorter than the internodes. INFLORESCENCE laxly few-branched. Pl. I, fig. 3: Inflorescence; fig. 4: Sepals.
PANAMA: PANAMA: in tree top, cloud forest, east slope of Cerro Jefe, 810 m, 8 Feb 1966, Tyson 3444 (Summit Herbarium, Canal Zone, type; photo US).
TILLANDSIA BLASSII L. B. Smith, sp. nov. A T. pallidoflaventi Mez, T. michelii Mez et T. pardina L. B. Smith, cuibus affinis, foliis bulbose rosulatis, vaginis valde inflatis differt.
PLANT known only from fragments, estimated flowering 3 dm high LEAVES bulbous-rosulate, covered with pale appressed scales; sheaths inflated, 10 cm long, spotted with black-purple toward apex, very dark below especially on the inside; blades subligu- late-triangular, acuminate, about as long as the sheaths, ca 2 cm wide. SCAPE erect, slender, 15 cm long, white-lepidote, becoming glabrous; scape-bracts erect, imbricate or the upper slightly shorter than the internodes, ovate, apiculate or short-caudate. INFLORESCENCE amply tripinnate, white-lepidote; primary bracts ovate, apiculate, exceeding the sterile bases of the branches; branches ascending; spikes lax; rhachis geniculate, very slender. FLORAL BRACTS broadly ovate, acute, about half as long as the
8
86 PUNY TsO.1L>0,G EA Vol. 22, no. 2
Plate I (Notes Bron.)
Fig. 1-2: Guzmania macropoda; 3-4: G. virescens var. laxior; 5-6: Tillandsia blassii; 7: T. parviflora var. expansa; 8: Vriesea malzinei var. disticha.
1971 Smith, Notes on Bromeliaceae 87
sepals. SEPALS free, asymmetric, obtuse, 5 mm long. Pl. I, fig. 5: Leaf; fig. 6: Basal branch of inflorescence.
ECUADOR: without exact locality, cultivated August 1970, Hort. Alfred Blass 4 (US, type).
TILLANDSIA PARVIFLORA R. & P. var. EXPANSA L. B. Smith, var. nov. A var. parviflora scapi bracteis longe caudatis, inflores- centia ample tripinnatim paniculata differt.
PLANT flowering 4 dm high. LEAVES to 2 dm long. SCAPE straight, very slender; scape-bracts with sheaths shorter than the internodes but with fine linear blades exceeding them. INFLORESCENCE lax, amply tripinnate; branches mostly ascending. Pl. I, fig. 7: Scape and basal branch.
ECUADOR: without exact locality, cultivated, August 1970, Hort. Alfred Blass 6 (US, type).
VRIESEA MALZINEI E. Morr. var. DISTICHA L. B. Smith, var. nov. A var. malzinei floribus distichis differt.
PLANT an exact match for the typical variety except that the flowers and floral bracts are distichous instead of polystichous. Pl. I, fig. 8: Inflorescence.
MEXICO: CHIAPAS: Mal Paso highway about 23 km north of Ocozo- coautla, April 14, 1969, E. W. Greenwood (US, type), cultivated and flowered 19 May 1969, T. MacDougall 814.
In my key to Vriesea (Phytologia 13, no. 2: 84. 1966), this variety would fall in subkey V next to the Brazilian V. gradata. However, this variety is distinguishable by its always erect floral bracts with straight apices, as well as by generally smaller parts.
HERBARIUM NOTES, III
Lyman B. Smith
In the Gramineae I am indebted to Dra. Cleofe Calderon for constructive criticism in preparing descriptions of new species and to Dr. Thomas R. Soderstrom for access to unpublished keys and help with the literature.
I have received three excellent regional treatments of Grami- neae that are proving of great value because of their proximity to southern Brazil. They are:
Arturo Burkart: Flora Ilustrada de Entre Rios (Argentina), Parte II, Gramfneas, pp. I-XV, 1-551, pl. 1-4, map 1, fig. 1-215. 1969.
Angel L. Cabrera: Flora de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Parte II, Gramfneas, pp. 1-624, fig. 1-160. 1970.
B. Rosengurtt, B. R. Arrillaga de Maffei & P. Izaguirre de Artucio: Gramfneas Uruguayas, pp. 1-491, fig. 1-192. 1970.
My work on the "Flora Ilustrada Catarinense"” has been greatly facilitated by the staff of the Staatsinstitut filr allgemeine Botanik und Botanischer Garten of Hamburg. Through their hospi- tality and loans it has been possible to study the rich collec-
88 PoeHs¥eT O40 G)Tek Vol. 22, no. 2
tions of Ule from Santa Catarina in all of the families that I am preparing for publication.
GRAMINEAE
AGROSTIS LONGIBERBIS Hack. ex L. B. Smith, nom. nov. Calama- grostis capillaris Nees ex Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 2h9. 18]0, nom. nud.; Syn. Pl. Gram. 188. 1854; Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2, pt. 3: 55. 1878, non L. 1753. Agrostis longiberbis Hack. ex Usteri, Fl. Umgebung Stadt Sao Paulo 152. 1911, nom. nud.
PLANT densely cespitose, annual. CULMS 0.5 mm thick, glabrous LEAVES glabrous; Liguleés membranaceous, short; blades filiform- attenuate, flat or more often complicate, 2 mm wide. INFLORES- CENCE lax but with the ends of the branches subdense, 8-30 cm long. GLUMES lanceolate, subequal, 2-3 mm long, the lower sca- brous on the keel. LEMMA lanceolate, bidentate, 1.6 mm long, glabrous except for the long-bearded callus, with or without a very short awn. PALEA lacking. Pl. I, fig. 1: Panicle; fig. 2: Floret; fig. 3: Lemma.
BRAZIL: without locality, Sellow s n (LE(?), type; B, US, iso- types). MINAS GERAIS: Serra do Itatiaia, Mar 1894, Ule 84 (US); open summit, Serra da Gramma, 1700 m, April 1925, Chase 9557 (US) RIO DE JANEIRO: Rezende: grassy summit, base of Agulhas Negras, Serra do Itatiaia, 1950, Segadas-Vianna & Brade 5022 (R, US).
SKO PAULO: Pinheiros, 16 Dec 1906, Usteri in Herv. da Esc. Polyt. de S. Paulo 49 (SP, US, det. Hackel); Alto da Serra, Nov 1910, Luederwaldt in Mus. Paulista 678 (SP, US); swale, Campos do Jordao, Serra Mantiqueira, 1570 m, May 1925, Chase 9853 (US); same, moist campo, 1600 m, 9878 (US); same, Feb 1946, enio Leite 3968 (US). PARANA: swamp, Ponta Grossa, 30 Jan 1946, Swal- len 83 US); low wet open ground, Estagao Experimental, Curiti- ba, 13 Feb 1946, Swallen 8550 (US); Mun. Piraquara: swamp, Rio Bracajuvava, 18 Feb 1961, Hatschbach 7816 (HH, US). SANTA CATA- RINA: Mun. Campo Alegre: campo, Morro do Iquererim, 1300 m, 5 Feb 1958, Reitz & Klein 6483 (HBR, US); Mun. Curitibanos: swamp, 14 km west of Curitibanos on the road to Campos Novos, 850-950 m, 5 Dec 1956, Smith & Klein 8299 (HBR, R, US). RIO GRANDE DO SUL: without locality, 1935, Orth 1932 (US); dry campo, Cambara, 23 Jan 1948, Rambo s n (PACA 36481, US); swampy thicket, Serra da Rocinha, near Bom Jesus, 3 Feb 1953, Rambo 8 n (PACA 53900, 53907, US).
The first mention of Calamagrostis capillaris Nees ex Steud. was without description but indicated that Nees took the name from @ Trinius manuscript. Hence it seems probable that the type is in Leningrad.
ARISTIDA (Arthratherum) KLEINII L. B. Smith, sp. nov. HERBA perennis, caespitosa, florifera 7-8 dm alta. CUIMI stricte erec- ti, simplices, basi 2 mm diametro, teretes, glaberrimi. FOLIA fere omnia basalia, subtus inter vaginas et laminas paulo incras- sata; vaginis auriculatis, longe barbatis; ligulis curtissimis; laminis filiformibus, longe attenuatis, basi O.7 mm diametro. PANICULA leviter curvata, angusta, subdensa, 15 cm longa; ramis
1971 Smith, Herbarium notes 89
suberectis, brevibus. GLUMAE lanceolatae, in aristam attenuatae, inaequilongae, inferiore ca 12 m longa, superiore 8 mm longa. LEMMATA linearia, tubulosa, 7 mm longa; callo late obtuso, dense barbato; columna articulata, 11 mm longa, spiraliter torta; aris- tis subaequalibus, 20 mm longis. PALEAE parvae, haud carinatae, glabrae. LODICULAE 2, oblongae, ca 1 m longae. Pl. I, fig. 4: Panicle; fig. 5: Spikelet; fig. 6: Fruit; fig. 7: Callus; fig. 8: Apex of lemma. P
BRAZIL: SANTA CATARINA: Mun. Sao Jose do Cerrito: campo, 950 m alt, 31 Oct 1963, R. M. Klein 4328 (US, type; HBR, isotype; Mun. Campos Novos: campo, 1000 m alt, 29 Oct 1963,R. M. Klein 4198 (HBR, US).
In Henrard's monograph of Aristida (Meded. Rijks Herb. Leiden 58A. 1932), A. kleinii would key to the vicinity of A. royleana Trin. & Rupr., from which it differs in its smaller panicle, smaller more unequal glumes and broadly rounded callus.
DANTHONIA CONFUSA L. B. Smith, nom. nov. Cortaderia pungens Swallen, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 29: 251. 1949, non Danthonia pungens Cheeseman, 1906.
Pie kh. fic. 9: Panicle; fic. 10:) Spikeletsetic. dil: Hloret.
The species appears to be distinct, at least from any Andean or Central American ones. Curiously the original description accurately gives the characters of the genus Danthonia while naming it a Cortaderia.
MELICA SPARTINOIDES L. B. Smith, sp. nov. HERBA perennis, submetralis, rhizomatibus brevibus horizontalibus robustis pilo- sis procreans. OCUIMI recti. FOLIA scaberula; vaginis carinatis; ligulis brevissimis; laminis attenuatis, 12 cm longis, 5 mm latis PANICULA angusta, pauciramosa, 22 cm longa; ramis suberectis, ad 9 cm longis, basi longe sterilibus, dense secundifloris. SPICU- LAE oblongae, lateraliter compressae, 10 mm longae, 4-florae; floribus fertilibus 2. GLUMAE late convexae, inaequales, scabe- rulae; gluma inferiore late obovata, 4 mm longa, 5-nervata, omni- no scariosa; gluma superiore spathulata, 5.5 mm longa, /-nervata, herbacea sed late scarioso-marginata. LEMMATA fertilia lanceola- ta, acuta, ad 6 cm longa, 9-nervata, pilis longis submarginalibus vestita; lemmate terminale late obconica, indurata. PALEAE lan- ceolatae, 4-mm longae, breviter bidentatae. CARYOPSIS ellipso- idea, 2.5 mm longa. Pl. I, fig. 12: Branch of inflorescence; fig. 13: Spikelet.
BRAZIL: SANTA CATARINA: Mun. Capinzal: campo, 7 km southeast of Capinzal, 500-600 m, 28 Feb 1957, Smith & Klein 11954 (US, type; HBR, isotype).
Melica spartinoides is distinguished by the combination of a short lower glume and fertile lemmas with long submarginal hairs. PIPTOCHAETIUM ALPINUM L. B. Smith, sp. nov. HERBA perennis,
caespitosa, rhizomatibus brevissimis procreans, ad 3 dm alta. CULMI erecti, simplices, gracillimi, 2-nodes. FOLIA valde pauci- nervata; vaginis glabris; ligulis membranaceis, haud 1 mm lon- gis; laminis linearibus, acutis, planis vel subconvolutis, 8 cm longis, 1 mm latis, minute ciliatis, alibi glabris. PANICULA laxa, pauciflora, 6 cm longa (sine aristis), basi in foliae
90 PH YeTO BO 1GTsk Vol. 22, no. 2
supremse vagina inclusa. GLUMAE lanceolatae, acutae, superiore majore, 4 mm longa. LEMMA anguste obovatum, 5 mm longum, quam glumas longius, pilis erectis pallide brunneis omnino vestitum; corona curtissima; arista 2 cm longa, breviter pubescente. PALEA breviter cuspidata, lemmatis corpus subaequans. Pl. I, fig. 14: Panicle; fig. 15: Spikelet.
BRAZIL: SANTA CATARINA: Mun. Bom Jardim da Serra: campo, Fa- zenda da Laranja, 1400 m alt, 10 Dec 1958, Reitz & Klein 7710 (US, type; HBR, isotype).
This dwarf alpine species is most nearly related to P. lasian- thum Griseb., but differs in its lemma exceeding the glumes.
EUPHORBIACEAE
ACALYPHA ULEANA L. B. Smith & R. J. Downs, sp. nov. HERBA perennis. RADIX centralis, lignosa. CAULES fasciculati, ramosi, ad 20 cm alti, dense albido-hispidi. FOLIORUM stipulis lineari- bus, 5 mm longis; petiolis brevissimis vel nullis; laminis ovato- ellipticis, acutis, basi subcordatis et 3-nervatis, ad 65 mm lon- gis, 23 m latis, crenato-serratis, supra viridibus, subtus pal- lidis, utrinque dense albido-hispidis. INFLORESCENTIAE termina- les, ad 2 cm pedunculatae, bisexuales, dense cylindricae; parte masculina terminali, ad 14 mm longa, 2 mm diametro; parte feminea ad 25 mm longa, 5 mm diametro, multiflora; bracteis femineis uni- floris, suborbicularibus, 3 mm longis, profunde 4-fidie, pilis rectis et glandulis sessilibus dense vestitis. FLORES femineae sessiles. OVARIUM 3-loculare, hispidum; stylis multifidis. Pl. I, fig. 16: Leaf; fig. 17: Inflorescence; fig. 18: Pistillate bract.
BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Mun. Bom Jardim da Serra: slopes by source of Rio Capivare, Serra Geral, Feb 1891, Ule s n (HBG, type; photo US).
Acalypha uleana is related to A. phleoides Cav. but differs in its narrower subsessile densely white-hispid leaves and fewer- toothed pistillate bracts.
1971 Smith, Herbarium notes 91 Plate I (Herb. Notes)
Fig. 1-3: Agrostis longiberbis; 4-8: Aristida kleinii; 9-11; Danthonia confusa; 12-13: Melica spartinoides; 14-15: Piptochaetium alpinum; 16-18: Acalypha uleana.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PARMELIA (LICHENS) FROM NORTH AMERICA
Mason E. Hale, Jr. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560
Parmelia louisianae Hale, sp. nov.
Thallus ut in P. hypotropa Nyl. sed differt acidum alecto- ronicum continente.
Holotype: On oak in oak-pine forest, 3 miles N Sabine Co. line on highway 175, DeSoto Co., Louisiana, collected by M. E. Hale, no. 34013 (US; isotypes in DUKE, UPS).
Parmelia louisianae, a species in subgenus Amphigymnia, has the broad white margin below and strong white maculation in the upper cortex so characteristic of P. hypotropa, a very wide- spread lichen in southern United States containing norstictic acid (see Hale, 1965, p. 205). In spite of the morphological similarity, however, P. louisianae is probably more closely re- lated to P. rigida Lynge, its presumptive nonsorediate counter- part, which occurs in the lower coastal plain and in South Ameri- ca. Both specimens examined are sterile.
Additional specimen examined: Louisiana: 4.5 miles NE Vivi- an, Caddo Parish, Thieret 24473 (LAF, US).
Parmelia weberi Hale, sp. nov.
Thallus adnatus, saxicola, 4-6 cm latus, firmus, pallide albido-viridis, lobis sublinearibus vel subirregularibus ut in P. subramigera Gyel., 2-3 mm latis, superne nitidus, planus vel aetate rugosus, plus minusve transversim rimosus, isidiatus, isidiis simplicibus vel subcoralloideo-ramosis, cylindricis, us- que ad 0.3 mm diametro, frequenter apice ruptis truncatisque, cortex superior 12-15y, stratum gonidiale 25-30, medulla alba, 160-190 crassa, cortex inferior 14-18 crassus, subtus pallide stramineus, modice rhizinosus, rhizinis pallidis, simplicibus. Apothecia rara, adnata, 2-4 mm diametro, sporis octonis, 4 X 8p. Cortex K+ flavescens, medulla K-, P-, C+, KC+ roseus, acidum us- nicum, acidum hypoprotocetraricum, et materia alia ignota conti- nente.
Holotype: Desert Mtns., 3 miles SW Superior, elev. 2750 ft., just south of Picketpost Mountain, near Southwestern Arboretum, Pinal Co., Arizona, collected by W. A. Weber and J. B. McCleary,
92
1971 Hale, Two new species of Parmelia 93 no. $1897, 2 Jan. 1953 (COLO; isotype in US).
Parmelia weberi was first recognized as a P negative Xan- thoparmelia from western United States which gave a dense acetone residue and a distinct H)SO,+ blue spot on TLC plates. Dr. C. F. Culberson kindly identified the main constituent as hypoproto- cetraric acid (with unidentified accessory acids). Having final- ly established the identity of this unusual population, I found a number of other records in the United States and Mexico and in Africa. Species with hypoprotocetraric acid are rather common in Africa, but P. weberi is the first Xanthoparmelia from the New World with this acid.
Morphologically P. weberi is very close to widespread P. subramigera Gyel., which contains P+ red fumarprotocetraric acid and generally has less dense, thinner isidia but a similar very pale lower surface.
Additional specimens examined. Arizona: 10 miles NE Tucson, Pima Co., Richards et al. 538 (F). New Mexico: 3.5 miles SE of Correo on road to Las Lunas, Valencia Co., Shushan and Weber $6872 (COLO). Mexico: 71 miles S of La Zarea on highway 45 to Durango, Durango, Weber and Charette 33596 (COLO); west of Bavi4- cora, Sonora, Drouet and Lockhart 657 (F), 15 miles S of Naio- zari, Sonora, Richards et al. 694 (F). Kenya: near Ngulia Hills, Machakos distr., Vericourt 3698 (BM, US). Uganda: 1 km NE of Kansambia Hill, distr. Masaka, Lye L231 (US); Entebbe Botanical Garden, distr. W. Mengo, Swinscow U10/12 (US). Union of South Africa: Krantzkop near Nystrom, Kofler 37153 (LD); Indumeni Forest, Cathedral Peak Area, distr. Bergville, Almborn 8931, 8932 (LD, US); Upper Umkomaas, Impendhle, Héeg (TRH).
Literature Cited
Hale, M. E. 1965. A monograph of Parmelia subgenus Amphi- gymnia. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 36:193-358.
NEW PARMELIAE (LICHENES) FROM AFRICA
Mason E. Hale, Jr. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560
Parmelia neodissecta Hale, sp. nov.
Thallus laxe adnatus, corticola, 3-7 cm latus, fragilis, al- bido- vel olivaceo-cinereus, lobis sublinearibus vel subirregu- laribus, 1-3 mm latis, aetate late revolutis, superne nitidus, dense isidiatus, isidiis cylindricis, simplicibus, raro apice ciliatis, cortex superior 12-14 crassus, stratum gonidiale 10- 15u crassum, medulla alba, 60-80» crassa, cortex inferior 12-14y crassus, subtus niger, modice aut dense rhizinosus, rhizinis di- chotome ramosis. Apothecia adnata, cupuliformia, 4-6 mm diame- tro, sporis octonis, 6-8 X 12-14. Cortex K+ flavescens, medulla K-, P-, C+ rosea, atranorinum et acidum gyrophoricum continente.
Holotype: About 6 km southeast of Zouépo, Mts. Nimba, cercle of N'Zérékoré, Guinea, collected by R. Santesson, no. 10597d, 10 August 1954, elev. 1550 m (UPS; isotype in US) (Fig. 1).
This lichen belongs in section Hypotrachyna, but it seems at first to be P. dissecta Nyl., a pantropical species in sec- tion Imbricaria which contains gyrophoric acid and has cilia. On closer examination, however, the rhizines are clearly dichoto- mously branched and marginal cilia are lacking (although branched rhizines may project somewhat from the margin). Parmelia dissecta has simple rhizines and distinct marginal cilia. We may have here a case of convergent evolution where two unrelated species classified in different sections on the basis of rhizine branch- ing and cilia have extremely similar appearance and identical chemistry. I do not believe that we are simply dealing with an aberrant form of P. dissecta, for the five collections of P. neo- dissecta are easily distinguishable.
Specimens examined. Africa. Kenya: Kisumu-Londiani, Nyanza Prov., Tinderet Forest Reserve, Maas Geesteranus G11163 (L, US); Union of South Africa: Deepwalls Forest Reserve, Knysna div., Degelius SA-221 (Degelius herbarium), Maas Geesteranus G12166 (L, US). India: Tiger Hill, Darjeeling, Awasthi 3886 (Awasthi her- barium).
Parmelia neutralis Hale, sp. nov.
Thallus adnatus, corticola, 8-14 cm latus, coriaceus, viridi-
9h
1971
Hale, New Parmeliae from Africa
Figure 1. Parmelia neodissecta Hale (holotype, X2).
Figure 2. Parmelia neutralis Hale (holotype, X2).
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96 P HY TPOrLAOiesL A Vol. 22, no. 2
albus, lobis latis, subrotundatis, 4-6 mm latis, pseudocyphella- tis, pseudocyphellis elongatis, 0.1-0.5 mm longis, superne planus vel rugosus, soredians, soraliis orbicularibus, lamine atque margine positis, 0.3-0.5 mm diametro, sorediis granulosis, aetate rimosus, cortex superior 10-124 crassus, stratum gonidiale 25- 30p crassum, medulla alba, 100-120 crassa, cortex inferior 10- 15 crassus, subtus pallide castaneus, sparse vel modice rhizi- nosus, rhizinis pallidis, simplicibus. Apothecia ignota. Cortex K+ flavescens, medulla K-, P-, C-, KC-, atranorinum et acidum aliphaticum ignotum continente.
Holotype: Deepwalls Forest Reserve, Knysna distr., Cape Prov., Union of South Africa, collected by R. A. Maas Geestera- nus, no. 12177, 5 Dec. 1949 (L; isotypes in LD, US) (Fig. 2).
Parmelia neutralis, a species in section Simplices, super- ficially resembles P. borreri (Sm.) Turn. because of the laminal punctiform soralia and small pseudocyphellae but the lower surface is pale brown and the thallus as a whole more coriaceous and adnate. There are large transverse cracks where the cortex tends to turn up slightly, forming a broad fissure. The chem- istry is still unclear but the fatty acid is probably near cap- eratic acid, placing the species close to P. bolliana Mull. Arg. which is also rather coriaceous. Parmelia neutralis is known so far only in Africa.
Specimens examined. Uganda: 10 km NW of Kilembe, slopes of Ruwenzori, Swinscow 2U 12/35 (US). Congo: Lake Kivu, Mulungu, S. Kivu, Degelius (Degelius herbarium). Union of South Africa: Zoutpansberg, Transvaal, Watson 778 (PRE), Impendhle, Upper Um- komaas, Héeg (TRH, US), slopes of Muizenberg, Cape, Pillans 3865 (BM) .
STUDIES IN ICHNANTHUS (GRAMINEAE). I. NEW TAXA AND NEW COMBINATIONS IN SECTION FOVEOLATA
Ken E. Rogers Department of Biology University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39401
ICHNANTHUS BOLIVIANUS kK. E. Rogers, sp. nov.
Perennis, 8 m. plus minusue longus; culmi elongati, decum- bentes vel verrentes, ad imos nodos radicantes, libere ramosi, glabrosi vel pubescentes; vaginae glabrosae praeter margines pappillosociliatos; ligula membraneo-ciliata, 9.7 - 1.0 mm. longae; laminae anguste lanceolatae, 5 - 15 cm. longae, 0.6 - 1.8 cm. latae; superficies laminarum scabridulosa in nervos, leviter pilosa in internervos, subtus ferme glabrosa vel leviter puberulens vel pilosa; paniculae terminales, 5 - 18 cm. longae, 1.5 - 7.5 cm. latae, multifloridae, virides, plerumque colore purpureo tinctae, rami primarii breves, usque ad basin spiculas gerentes, rigide patentes vel appressi, 0.5 - 6.0 cm. longi; spiculae elliptico-acutae, glabrosae vel leviter brevi-pilosae in glumis et in lemmate inferiore, 2.9 - 3.0 mm. longae; gluma prima basi ovata, acuta, 1.8 - 3.3 mm. longa, inferiore flosculo brevior vel etiam longior; apex camplanatus et nonnihil abortus, interdum brevi-pilosus per marginem, interdum 3-vel 7-nervis; gluma secunda elliptico-acuta, 2.6 - 3.4 mm. longa, aequans in- ferius lemma vel etiam hoc superans, brevi-pilosa in interiore parte supra mediam, interdum pilosa prope exteriores margines, 5-vel 7-nervis; flosculus inferior staminatus, stamina 1.0 - 2.0 mm. longa; lemma inferius elliptico-acutum, 2.5 - 3.1 mm. longum, intus brevi-pubescens, glabrosum vel pilosum per externum mar- ginem, 5-nervis; palea inferior elliptico-acuta; 2.4 - 2.8 mm. longa, subaequans lemma, nervi longo-ciliati; flosculus superior elliptico-acutus, 2.0 - 2.3 mm. longus; rachilla-appendiculae 0.6 - 0.7 mm. longae.
Holotype in the Herbarium of the U.S. National Museum, No. 1163667, collected at the Hacienda Simaco sobre el camino a Tipuani, region subtropical, La Paz, Bolivia, March 1920, by Buchtien 5236. Isotypes at NY, MO, F, LIL, G.
Additional specimens examined: Bolivia: La Paz: sobre el camino a Tipuani, Buchtien 5336 (GH,K); ibid, Buchtien 5337 (M); ibid, Buchtien 7124 (US).
This species is distinguished by the pilose inner surface of the second glume and lower lemma, the long ciliate nerves of the lower palea, the flattened somewhat twisted apex of the
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98 PHY TOLROG IA Vol. 22, no. 2
first glume, and the elongate slender freely branched culms.
It appears to be most closely allied to I. ruprechtii Doell.
The specific epithet given to the species refers to the locality of the type collection, the only area from which it is presently known.
ICHNANTHUS BRASILIENSIS K. E. Rogers, sp. nov.
Perennis (?); culmi glabrosi vel pubescentes sub nodos; nodi glabrosi; vaginae laxae, superiores saltem superantes inter- nodia, parce pilosae per superiores margines, auriculatae; ligula membraneo-ciliata, 2.3 - 2.6 mm. longa; laminae lanceo- lato-acutae, 14 - 18 cm. longae, 2.8 - 4.5 cm. latae, amplec- tentes plus minusue asymmetrico basi, scabridae et parce pilosae supra, subtus molliter pubescentes; panicula terminalis, multi- florida, elongata, 23 cm. longa, 14 cm. lata, rami 2 - 8 cm. longi, inferiores patentes, mediani et superiores ascendentes, panicula maxima ex parte satius angusto-ovata; pulvini pubes- centes; spiculae elliptico-acutae, 3.2 - 3.8 mm. longae, glabrosae; gluma prima ovato-acuta, 2.5 - 3.1 mm. longa, aequans 2 ex 3 aut 3 ex 4 partibus longitudinis inferioris flosculi, 3-nervis; gluma seconda elliptico-acuta, 3.0 - 3.2 mm. longa, 5-nervi; flosculo inferior staminatus, stamina 1.2 mm. longa; lemma inferius elliptico-acutum, 2.8 - 3.00 mm. longum, 7-nervis; palea inferior elliptico-acuta, 2.8 - 2.9 mm. longa, lemma in- ferius subaequans; flosculus superior 2.4 - 2.6 mm. longus,
0.8 - 1.0 mm. latus, margines superioris lemmatis complanati; rachilla-appendiculae 0.5 - 0.6 mm. longae; stamina superiora 1.2 mm. longa.
Holotype in the Herbarium of the U.S. National Museum, No. 2237514, collected in a wood at Leme, Sao Paulo, Brazil, March 11, 1953, by D. Pickel 5938.
This species is distinguished by the presence of appendages at the apex of the sheaths, the rather long, large terminal panicle, and the comparatively small spikelets.
ICHNANTHUS COLONARIUS K. E. Rogers, sp. nov.
Fortasse annuus; culmi graciles, repentes, caespitem vel colonias aedificantes, libere ramosi, ad nodos radicantes, surculi ascendentes 4 - 15 cm. alti; internodia culmi brevia, 1 - 3.5 em. longa, molliter pilosa sub nodos et per paucos vel nonnullos nervos; vaginae multo breviores quam internodia,
0.5 - 1.0 em. longae, dense pilosae; ligula membranaceo-ciliata, 0.5 - 0.8 mm. longa; laminae ovato-ellipticae, acutae denum acute brevi-acuminatae, basi asymmetrica amplectentes, 1.2 -
3.5 cm. longae, 0.8 - 1.5 cm. latae, densus pilosae utraque superficie, subtus lanuginosae; paniculae terminales et
1971 Rogers, Studies in Ichnanthus 99
axillariae, brevissimis pedunculis, parcissime florescentes; panicula terminalis 1.0 - 2.5 cm. longa, 0.5 cm. lata, e bre- vissimis rigide appressis ramis composita et cuique ramo 2 - 4 flosculi, rami 0.5 - 1.0 cm. longi; pedicelli 1 - 3 cm. longi; paniculae axillares inclusae vel brevi-exsertae; spiculae 2.8 - 3.3 mm. longae, glabrosae vel parcissime pubescentes prope primae glumae marginem; prima gluma ovata, scuta, 2.5 - 3.1 mm. longa, paulo brevior inferiore flosculo, interdum hinc paene superans, 3-nervis; gluma secunda elliptico-acuta, 2.6 - 3.2 mm. longa, 5-nervis; inferior flosculus staminatus, stamina 1.1 mm. longa, vel interdum cum caryopside; inferius lemma ellipticum, cucullatum apice, 2.3 - 2.5 mm. longum, 5-nervis; palea inferior elliptica, 1.8 - 2.1 mm. longa, lemma subaequans; flosculus superior elliptico-acutus, 1.9 - 2.0 mm. longus, 1.0 - 1.1 mm. latus; rachilla-appendiculae 0.6 mm. longae; stamina superiora 1.0 mm. longa.
Holotype in the Herbarium of the U.S. National Museum, No. 1935003, collected in the upper reaches of Rio Sitio Nuevo, altitude 1500 - 1800 m., Dept. Zacapa, Guatemala, January 25, 1942, by J. A. Steyermark 43216. Isotype at F.
This species is distinguished by the short ovate leaf-blades that are velvety pubescent on the lower surface, the first glume slightly shorter to exceeding the lower floret, and the short, sparsely flowered panicles on short peduncles. The specific epithet refers to the colonial or mat-forming habit of growth.
ICHNANTHUS LATIFOLIUS K. E. Rogers, sp. nov.
Perennis (?}; culmis decumbentibus et patentibus, ad imos nodos radicantibus, ramosis, 1.5 - 3.0 m. aut plus longis, pilosis subter nodos atque per unum vel plures nervos, rami feraces ad altitudinem 70 - 100 cm. ascendent; vaginae inter- nodiis multo breviores, maxima ex parte 2 - 6 cm. longae, papil- loso-pilosae prope margines; ligula membranaceo-ciliata, 0.3 - 0.5 mm. longa; laminae elliptico-lanceolatae, subito acuminatae, 6 - 15 cm. longae, 2.0 - 5.0 cm. latae, supra pubescentes vel pilosae, subtus pubescentes et plus minusue reticulatae, vel etiam utraque superficie glabrescentes; paniculae terminales et axilliares in longos pedunculos, cum confertioribus floris; paniculae terminales 12 - 25 cm. longae, 4 - 8 cm. latae in pedunculos 9 - 23 cm. longos, rami primarii adscententes demum patentes, ramus imus 6 - 12 cm. longus; spiculae 3.8 - 4.5 mm. longae, glabrosae vel raro pilosae per primae glumae marginem; gluma prima late ovata, attenuata vel caudata, 2.6 - 4.5 mm. longa, ferme imum flosculum aequans vel hunc superans, 3-5 nervis; gluma secunda ovato-elliptica, acuminata, 3.2 - 4.0 mm. longa, 5-7 nervis; flosculus inferior staminatus, stamina 1.3 - 1.5 mm. longa; lemma inferius ellipticum, cucullatum et
100 Pee YeP Oy LO Gated Vol. 22, no. 2
hyalinum apice, 2.7 - 3.1 mm. longum, 5-nervis; inferior palea elliptico-acuta, ferme lemma aequans, 2.4 - 2.8 mm. longa; flosculus superior elliptico-acutus, 1.9 - 2.1 mm. longus, 1.1 mm. latus; rachilla-appendiculae 0.5 - 0.6 mm. longa; stamina superiora 1.2 - 1.4 mm. longa.
Holotype in the Herbarium of the New York Botonical Garden, collected at and near the summit of El Cerro de Cuhuatepetl, Tehuacan, 15 - 16 km. southwest of Campo Experimental de Hule, El Palmar, Zongolica, Veracruz, Mexico, November 23, 1944, by Jose Vera Santos 3668. Isotypes at US. MEXU.
Additional specimens examined: Mexico: San Luis Potosi: barranca of Las Canoas, Pringle 3827 (US, MEXU, M, P, K, MO, GH, EiguNX®e
This species is closely related to I. nemorosus. However, i. latifolius is distinguished from it in the larger spikelets, the larger, more compound panicles, and the larger average size of the leaves.
ICHNANTHUS NEMOROSUS (Swartz) Doell var. SWARTZII K. E. Rogers var. nov.
Culmi prostrato-patentes, libere ramosi, in nodos radicantes, papilloso-pilosi per unum vel plures nervos vel glabrosi, sur- culi plantae adscentes usque ad 70 cm. etiam plus alti; vaginae saepissime glabrosae superficie et prope margines papilloso- pilosae; ligula 0.7 - 1.8 mm. longa; laminae 3 - 13 cm. longae, 0.5 - 3.0 cm. latae; paniculae terminales et axillares, pauci- floridae; paniculae terminales 3 - 13 cm. longae, 0.5 - 8.0 cm. latae; spiculae 4.0 - 5.5 mm. longae, glabrosae vel etiam gluma prima raro pilosa prope margines; gluma prima ovata, caudata, 3.5 - 5.1 mm. longa, flosculum