— OGLE SZZEO [9218
ALISHSAINN VIHOLOIA
THE LIBRARY of VICTORIA UNIVERSITY
Toronto
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
https://archive.org/details/hippocrateswitheO8hippuoft
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB
EDITED BY
G. P, GOOLD
PREVIOUS EDITORS T. E. PAGE E. CAPPS W. H. D. ROUSE L. A. POST E. H. WARMINGTON
HIPPOCKAEES ΝΠΠΙ
LCL 482
HIPPOCRATES
VOLUME VIII
EDITED AND TRANSLATED BY PAUL POTTER
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS LONDON, ENGLAND 1995
Copyright © 1995 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved
Ayr. 69:2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hippocrates. (The Loeb classical library) Vol. 8 with an English translation by Paul Potter. ISBN 0-674-99531—-7 1. Hippocrates — Translations into English. 2. Medicine, Greek and Roman. Ill. Potter, Paul, 1944- . IV. Title. V. Series. PA3612.H65 1923 610 23-—12030
Typeset by Chiron, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, on acid-free paper. Bound by Hunter & Foulis Ltd, Edinburgh, Scotland.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTE ON TECHNICAL TERMS PLACES IN MAN GLANDS FLESHES PRORRHETIC I PRORRHETIC II PHYSICIAN
USE OF LIQUIDS ULCERS HAEMORRHOIDS
FISTULAS
INDEX
103 127 167 213 295 317 339 377 390
409
INTRODUCTION
The ten treatises in this volume fall naturally into three groups.!
The works in the first group Places in Man, Glands, and Fleshes are monographs, each presenting a general account of the origin, structure, and function of particular parts of the human body, along with comments on distur- bances of function and the origin of diseases. All three writers make effective use of observations drawn from common experience and from clinical practice, and of ex- planatory hypotheses deriving ultimately from contempo- rary philosophical thought, in constructing their systems.
The two books of Prorrhetics contribute to the art of prognosis, the prediction of disease outcome. Prorrhetic I is a collection of 170 short independent chapters which enumerate clinical signs and give their prognostic values in specific diseases. Individual cases are sometimes men- tioned, and the writer occasionally poses questions. Pror- rhetic II is a monographic treatment of the art of medical prediction, beginning with an account of its usefulness, its limits, and its frequent abuse, and then going on to a
1 The individual works are analysed in more detail in their particular introductions.
INTRODUCTION
detailed discussion of how the practitioner can best understand and profit from the signs that appear in a large selection of specific diseases.
The third group consists of five practical manuals on specific facets of Hippocratic surgical practice. Physician outlines professional behaviour, and gives instructions on setting up an office and on the performance of bandaging, incising, and cautery. Use of Liquids discusses the exter- nal application of fresh water, salt water, vinegar and wines. Ulcers lays down the principles and practice by which external lesions are to be evaluated and healed. Haemorrhoids and Fistulas summarize the pathology and treatment of haemorrhoids and condylomas, and of fistula in ano and its complications, respectively.
Manuscript Tradition
A = Parisinus Graecus 2253 XI c. V =Vaticanus Graecus 276 Xile: M = Marcianus Venetus Graecus 269 X/XI c. I = Parisinus Graecus 2140 ΧΙΠ ec.
H = Parisinus Graecus 2142 Ha (older part)? XII/XIII c. Hb (newer part) XIV c.
R = Vaticanus Graecus 277 XIV c.
Recentiores = approximately 20 manuscripts XV/XVIc.
The stemma codicum appearing as Fig. 1 provides an overview of the interdependencies among the manuscripts containing the works in this volume. This is not, however,
2 Folios 46, 49, 55-78 and 80-308; see A. Rivier, Recherches
sur la tradition manuscrite du traité hippocratique “De morbo sacro,” Berne, 1962, pp. 97 ff.
2
INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1: Stemma Codicum
Archetype(s)
» Μ Α ν Ha I Hb - Ry se c e n t i O it
INTRODUCTION
to suggest that the ten treatises share the same transmis- sion: for in fact A, V and M, even in their original com- plete states, each contained only a selection of the Hippo- cratic Collection; furthermore M subsequently lost 72 leaves of text from between the folios now numbered 408 and 409, some time after I had been copied from it in the middle of the thirteenth century. For the treatises we are concerned with here, then, the independent witnesses are as follows:
Places in Man AV Physician V Glands V Use of Liquids A Fleshes V Ulcers M Prorrhetic I I Haemorrhoids 1 Prorrhetic II I Fistulas I
Prorrhetic I and II, Haemorrhoids and Fistulas were all among the treatises contained in the section of M now lost. They also happen to occupy the newer part of Paris- inus Graecus 2142, Hb, which derives from I rather than from M directly (as Ha does), and thus possesses no inde- pendent textual authority.
3See H. Kuehlewein and J. Ilberg, Hippocratis Opera Omnia, Leipzig, 1894, vol. 1, xx.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Editions, Translations and Commentaries
HIPPOCRATIC COLLECTION
Hippocratis Coi ... octoginta volumina ... per M. Fabium Calvum, Rhavennatem ... latinitate donata ..., Rome, 1525. ( = Calvus)
Omnia opera Hippocratis ... in aedibus Aldi & Andreae Asulani soceri, Venice, 1526. ( = Aldina)
Hippocratis Coi ... libri omnes ... [per Ianum Corna- rium], Basel, 1538. ( = Froben)
Vidus Vidius, Chirurgia ὁ Graeco in Latinum conversa. . . nonnullis ... commentariis, Paris, 1544. ( = Vidius)
Hippocratis (οἱ... opera... per Ianum Cornarium ... Latina Lingua conscripta, Venice, 1546. ( = Cornarius) Hippocratis (οἱ ... viginti duo commentarii ... Theod.
Zvingeri studio & conatu, Basel, 1579. ( = Zwinger)
Stephan. Manialdus, Hippocratis chirurgia ... graece... latinitate ... commentar. illustr., Paris, 1619. (= Manialdus)
Magni Hippocratis ... opera omnia ... latina interpreta- tione & annotationibus illustrata Anutio Foesio..., Geneva, 1657-62. ( = Foes)
Magni Hippocratis Coi opera omnia graece & latine edita
. industria & diligentia Joan. A. Vander Linden, Lei-
5
BIBLIOGRAPHY
den, 1665. (= Linden) Hippocratis Coi et Claudii Galeni Pergameni ... opera
Renatus Charterius ... edidit, Paris, 1679. ( = Chartier) Hippocratis opera omnia ... studio et opera Stephani
Mackii... , Vienna, 1743-49. ( = Mack)
J. F. K. Grimm, Hippokrates Werke aus dem griechischen ..., Altenburg, 1781-92. (= Grimm)
C. G. Κύμη, Magni Hippocratis Opera omnia ..., Leipzig, 1825-27. (= Kiihn)
Fr. Adams, Genuine Works of Hippocrates translated from the Greek, London, 1849. (= Adams)
E. Littré, Od¢euwres completes d Hippocrate, Paris, 1839-61. (= Littré)
Ch. Daremberg, Oeuvres choisies d’Hippocrate, second edition, Paris, 1855. (= Daremberg)
F. Z. Ermerins, Hippocratis ... reliquiae, U trecht, 1859-64. (= Ermerins)
C. H. Th. Reinhold, Ἱπποκράτης / Ψευδωνύμως Ἵππο- κράτεια, Athens, 1865-67. ( = Reinhold)
J. E. Petrequin, Chirurgie d’Hippocrate, Paris, 1877-78. ( = Petrequin)
R. Fuchs, Hippokrates, siémmtliche Werke. Ins Deutsche iibersetzt ..., Munich, 1895-1900. ( = Fuchs)
J. L. Heiberg, Hippocratis ... De medico ... De liqui- dorum usu ..., Corpus Medicorum Graecorum I 1, Leipzig and Berlin, 1927. (= Heiberg)
R. Joly, Hippocrate, ... De l'usage des liquides, Budé V1(2), Paris, 1972. ( =Joly)
R. Joly, Hippocrate, Des lieux dans Vhomme, Du systéme des glandes, Des fistules, Des hémorroides, ... Des chairs... , Budé XIII, Paris, 1978. ( = Joly)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OTHER AUTHORS
I. E. Drabkin, Caelius Aurelianus On Acute Diseases and On Chronic Diseases, Chicago, 1950. ( = Caelius)
Max Wellmann, Pedanii Dioscuridis ... De materia med- ica, Berlin, 1906-1914. ( = Dioscorides)
E. Nachmanson, Erotiani Vocum hippocraticarum collec- tio, Gothenburg, 1918. ( = Erotian)
E. Nachmanson, Erotianstudien, Uppsala, 1917. (= Nachmanson)
C.G. Kiihn, Claudii Galeni Opera omnia ..., Leipzig, 1825-1833. (= Galen)
Ch. Daremberg and Ch. E. Ruelle, Oeuvres de Rufus d’Ephése, Paris, 1879. ( = Rufus)
General Works
Gerhard Baader and Rolf Winau (edd.), Die hippokrati- schen Epidemien. Verhandlungen des V° Colloque International Hippocratique, Stuttgart, 1989. (= Sud- hoffs Archiv, Beiheft 27)
Louis Bourgey, Observation et expérience chez les médecins de la Collection hippocratique, Paris, 1953.
L. Bourgey and J. Jouanna (edd.), La Collection hippo- cratique et son réle dans histoire de la médecine. Col- loque de Strasbourg, Leiden, 1975.
S. ΒΥ], “Les dix deriéres années (1983-1992) de la recherche hippocratique”, Centre Jean-Palerne: Lettre d’informations, no. 22 (May 1993), pp. 1-39.
B. Celli, Bibliografia Hipocrdtica, Caracas, 1984.
Hans Diller, Kleine Schriften zur antiken Medizin, Berlin/New York, 1973.
Ludwig Edelstein, “Hippokrates”, in Paulys Real-Ency-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
clopddie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Sup- plement 6, Stuttgart, 1935. (cols. 1290-1345)
Gerhard Fichtner, Corpus Hippocraticum. Verzeichnis der hippokratischen und _ pseudohippokratischen Schriften, second edition, Tiibingen, 1990.
Hellmut Flashar (ed.), Antike Medizin, Darmstadt, 1971. (Wege der Forschung, vol. 221)
M. D. Grmek (ed.), Hippocratica. Actes du Colloque hippocratique de Paris, Paris, 1980.
Mirko D. Grmek, Les maladies a Vaube de la civilisation occidentale, Paris, 1983.
Beate Gundert, “Parts and their Roles in Hippocratic Medicine”, ISIS, vol. 83 (1992), pp. 453-465.
William Arthur Heidel, Hippocratic Medicine. Its Spirit and Method, New York, 1941.
Robert Joly, Le niveau de la science hippocratique, Paris, 1966.
Robert Joly (ed.), Corpus Hippocraticum. Actes du col- loque hippocratique de Mons, Mons, 1977.
Jacques Jouanna, Hippocrate, Paris, 1992.
Pedro Lain Entralgo, La medicina hipocrdatica, Madrid, 1970.
Volker Langholf, Medical Theories in Hippocrates. Early Texts and the ‘Epidemics’, Berlin/New York, 1990.
Frangois Lasserre and Philippe Mudry (edd.), Formes de pensée dans la Collection hippocratique. Actes du IV° Colloque International Hippocratique, Geneva, 1983.
G. E. R. Lloyd (ed.), Hippocratic Writings, Harmonds- worth, 1978.
lain M. Lonie, The Hippocratic Treatises “On Genera- tion” “On the Nature of the Child” “Diseases IV”. A Commentary, Berlin/New York, 1981.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
J. A. Lépez Férez (ed.), Tratados hipocraticos. Actas del ΠΕ Colloque International Hippocratique, Madrid, 1992.
G. Maloney and R. Savoie, Cing cents ans de bibliogra- phie hippocratique. 1473-1982, Quebec, 1982.
Gilles Maloney and Winnie Frohn, Concordance des oeuvres hippocratiques, 5 vols., Quebec, 1984. (Repr. Hildesheim, 1986)
Paul Potter, Short Handbook of Hippocratic Medicine, Quebec, 1988.
Paul Potter, Gilles Maloney and Jacques Desautels (edd.), La maladie et les maladies. Actes du VI° Colloque Inter- national Hippocratique, Quebec, 1990.
Wesley D. Smith, “Galen on Coans versus Cnidians”, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 47 (1973), pp- 569-585.
Owsei Temkin, “Der Systematische Zusammenhang im Corpus Hippocraticum”, Kyklos, vol. 1 (1928), pp. 8—43.
Antoine Thivel, Cnide et Cos? Essai sur les doctrines médicales dans la Collection hippocratique, Paris, 1981.
Supplementary bibliographical information is to be found in the introductions to the individual treatises.
NOTE ON TECHNICAL TERMS
The following terms require some explanation as they cannot be rendered simply and precisely into English.
amoaTacts/apostasis: the process of recovery from a dis- ease is often associated with the collection and removal of morbid humours (peccant material) from the ailing part of the body, an apostasis. Cf. Regimen in Acute Diseases (Appendix) 39: “All diseases are resolved through either the mouth, the cavity, or the bladder; sweating is a form of resolution common to them all.” The moment of this resolution by apostasis generally represents the disease’s crisis”.
€\xos/helkos : the meaning of the term is wider than any single English term, and includes any discontinuity of tissue, whether internal or external, inflamed or livid, traumatic or spontaneous; possible translations include “sore”, “ulcer”, “wound” or simply “lesion”. The Hippo- cratic treatise traditionally named Ulcers (περὶ ἑλκῶν) is in fact an account not of the pathological phenomenon “ulcer” in the strict dictionary sense, but rather of surface
lesions of all types.
kowAty/cavity: generally the thorax and/or abdomen is meant, but more frequently the gastro-intestinal tract.
10
TECHNICAL TERMS
Anything a person feels to be “high up” or that involves nausea or vomiting is imagined to be in the “upper cavity”, anything felt to be “low down” or that has a rela- tionship to defecation is in the “lower cavity”. The term “cavity” can also be applied to other hollows in the body, e.g. in bones.
hreypaivew/phlegmainein: either “to form phlegm”, “to swell up”, or “to become inflamed”; in many passages it is impossible to tell which of these three is meant.
dé/vessel: generally a blood vessel, whether artery or vein, but occasionally some other tube such as the ureter.
ll
PLACES IN MAN
INTRODUCTION
Erotian lists this work in his preface among the thera- peutic works, and includes thirty-two words from it in his Glossary +; four of these glosses cite Bacchius of Tanagra, suggesting that the treatise was already considered Hip- pocratic by the third century B.c.”
Galen’s Glossary contains several words referable to Places in Man, five with explicit references (ws) ἐν τῷ περὶ τόπων τῶν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον." Galen also quotes many times from the treatise in his other writings, often however without naming his source.*
Caelius Aurelianus’ (fifth century) Latin translation of Soranus’ Chronic Diseases refers directly to ch. 22 of Places in Man in discussing the treatment of sciatica: “Hippocrates in his book On Places employs cupping without scarification. He also prescribes the drinking of hot drugs.”° The continued visibility of Places in Man in the Middle Ages is attested by its citation by the Byzan-
! Erotian p. 9; see Nachmanson pp. 331-39.
2 Erotian A58, 78, K18 and M9.
3 Galen vol. 19, 74 ἀλαΐα φθίσις: 19, 103 θηρίον; 19, 107F. κάμμορον; 19, 114 κρημνοί; and 19, 118 λεπτά.
4 For a detailed study of Galen’s ambivalent attitude to Places in Man see Schubring pp. 61-70.
5 Caelius pp. 920f.
15
PLACES IN MAN
tine excerptor of Rufus of Ephesus’s Names of the Parts of the Body.® Places in Man is organized as follows:
ile 2-8:
9-15:
16-40:
41--46:
47:
Introduction
Human anatomy and physiology, with particular emphasis on the brain and organs of sensation, the blood vessels and cords, and the bones and joints.
Fluxes and their causes: the seven cardinal fluxes from the head to the nostrils, ears, eyes, chest, spinal marrow, vertebrae, and joints.
The origin and treatment of specific diseases: e.g. pleurisy, internal suppuration, consump- tions, sciatica, dropsies, fevers, jaundice, malig- nant ulcer, and angina. These chapters vary widely in form and content, lacking the more regular pattern (name; symptoms; course; prog- nosis; treatment) followed in Affections, Dis- eases I-III and Internal Affections.
General principles of medicine: e.g. the roles of “similars” and “opposites” in disease causation and treatment; the modes of action of medica- tions; the meaning of “good luck” in medical practice.
Diseases of Women.
Throughout its somewhat irregular course, Places in Man exhibits a unity of viewpoint and purpose centred around a number of principles enunciated in its early
chapters:
(i) The best medical treatment is that based upon an
® Rufus p. 235; see also Schubring pp. 7Of.
16
PLACES IN MAN
understanding of how diseases arise in the body.
(ii) This understanding begins with a knowledge of normal structure and function, followed by an acquain- tance with disease processes and mechanisms.
(iii) All parts of the body are interrelated and inter- dependent. Diseases often migrate from one part to another.
(iv) Fluxes of internal fluids play a central role in dis- ease causation.
(v) Disease processes often commence from some excess or imbalance of temperature, moisture, or particu- lar substance.
(vi) No simple rules exist by which a physician can know in each case how to act; variability of individual constitution, climate, and geography all affect health and disease.
Places in Man is included in all the standard collected editions and translations, including Zwinger, and has been the object of a number of special studies,’ of which the two most recent are: K. Schubring, Untersuchungen zur Uberlieferungsgeschichte der hippokratischen Schrift “De locis in homine”, Berlin, 1941° (= Schubring); and Robert Joly’s Budé edition. Joly includes in his introduc- tion a detailed study, with references, of the many ques- tions that have occupied the attention of scholars regard- ing the treatise: unity of authorship; medical theories; philosophical parentage; relation to other Hippocratic works: school affiliation. ?
It is on Joly’ edition that mine for the most part depends.
7 See Littré vol. 6, 275. 8 This work is particularly useful for its discussion of the indirect transmission. 9 Pp. 11-32.
7
VI 276 Littré
TEPI TOMQON TON KATA ANOPOTION
1. Ἐμοὶ δοκέει ἀρχὴ μὲν οὖν οὐδεμία εἶναι τοῦ σώματος, ἀλλὰ πάντα ὁμοίως ἀρχὴ καὶ πάντα Ὁ, ΄ὔ΄ Ν 4 : ΩΝ 5 «ες , τελευτή: κύκλου yap γραφέντος ἀρχὴ οὐχ εὑρέθη. καὶ τῶν νοσημάτων ἀπὸ παντὸς ὁμοίως τοῦ σώμα- Ν Ν / Ν 4 / Ν τος, τὸ μὲν ξηρότερον, πεφυκὸς νόσους λάζεσθαι καὶ A ΄ Ν Ne ὃν e Ν Ν᾽ Ν > μᾶλλον πονέειν, TO δὲ ὑγρὸν ἧσσον: TO μὲν yap ἐν A a ΄ ΄ s Ν >] ὃ ΄ Ν δ᾽ τῷ ξηρῷ νόσημα πήγνυταΐ τε καὶ οὐ" διαπαύει, τὸ 5 lal ε ἴω ἴω ᾿ς A , 5, pA ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ διαρρεῖ, καὶ TOU σώματος ἄλλοτε ἄλλο μάλιστα ἔχει, καὶ ἀεὶ μεταλλάσσον ἀνάπαυσιν ποιέει καὶ θᾶσσον παύεται, ὥστε οὐ πεπηγός. Τοῦ δὲ σώματος τὰ μέλεα ἕκαστα τὸ ἕτερον τῷ ΕΣ nN » ¢ A ἑτέρῳ, ὁπόταν ἔνθα ἢ ἔνθα ὁρμήσῃ, νοῦσον Tapav- / / ε / ἴω »“ Ν «ε Ἂν Lal τίκα ποιέει, ἡ κοιλίη TH κεφαλῇ, καὶ ἡ κεφαλὴ τῇσι Ν Ν A ’ Ν a Pr “ Ἂς σαρξὶ καὶ τῇ κοιλίῃ, καὶ τἄλλα πάντα οὕτω κατὰ ο ε aA aA ‘\ λόγον [ὥσπερ ἡ κοιλίη TH κεφαλῇ, καὶ ἡ κεφαλὴ et ἈΝ) Ν Ν A / 9 ¢ Ν ΄ ε ΄, τῇσί τε σαρξὶ καὶ τῇ κοιλίῃ]. ἡ γὰρ κοιλίη ὁκόταν «ες Ν 4 ὑπεκχώρησιν μὴ ποιέῃ τὴν μετρίην, καὶ ἐσίῃ ἐς αὐτήν, ἄρδει τῇ ὑγρότητι τὸ σῶμα τῇ ἀπὸ τῶν
/ A / “ Ν ε ε ’ 3 Ἂς σιτίων τῶν προσφερομένων: αὕτη δὲ ἡ ὑγρότης ἀπὸ
18
PLACES IN MAN
1. Now in my opinion, there is no beginning point of the body, but rather every part is at the same time both beginning and end, in the same way that in the figure of a circle, no beginning point is to be found. Likewise, dis- eases arise from the whole body indifferently, although the drier component of the body is disposed to become ill and to suffer more, the moist component less. For whereas any disease that occupies a dry part is fixed and unremitting, one in a moist part flows somewhere else and generally occupies different parts of the body at different times; through constantly changing, it has inter- ruptions and goes away sooner, and so it is not fixed.
Every part of the body, on becoming ill, immediately produces disease in some other part, the cavity? in the head, the head in the muscles and the cavity, and so on in the same way [as the cavity in the head and the head in the muscles and the cavity]. The cavity, for instance, when material enters it and it does not make a corre- sponding evacuation downwards, floods the body with moisture from the ingested food. This moisture, being
ἃ See the note on technical terms above, following the gen- eral introduction.
1 οὐ om. V. 2 Del. Ermerins.
19
2
i
8
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ANOPQOTION
A 4 > / > Ἂς Ν ε τῆς κοιλίης ἀποφρασσομένη ἐς τὴν κεφαλὴν ὧδοι- 4 > Ve ον 5 Ν Ἂς 5 ἊΝ > ’ πόρησεν ἀθρόη: καὶ ἐς τὴν κεφαλὴν ἐπὴν ἀφίκηται, / A A lal a οὐ χωρευμένη ὑπὸ τῶν τευχέων τῶν EV TH κεφαλῇ, ca e a“ , Ν / A A Ν > \ pel ἡ av τύχῃ, Kal πέριξ τῆς κεφαλῆς, Kal ἐς TOV > ΄ ὃ Ν a ef ΄ 1 ἈΝ ΤᾺ Ν > ἐγκέφαλον [διὰ λεπτοῦ τοῦ ὀστέου]: Kai ἡ μὲν ἐν A > "ὦ > 4 ε ὡ Ν Ἂς > 4 ‘\ τῷ ὀστέῳ ἐνδέδυκεν, ἡ δὲ περὶ TOV ἐγκέφαλον διὰ A A a λεπτοῦ τοῦ ὀστέου: καὶ ἣν μὲν ἐς τὴν κοιλίην πάλιν > ΄ aA / A > t/ a 9. MF, ἀφίκηται, TH κοιλίῃ νοῦσον ἐποίησεν: ἣν δ᾽ ἄλλῃ πῃ / ” lal 4 ‘\ 5 4 σ΄ τύχῃ, ἄλλῃ νοῦσον ποιέει, καὶ τάλλα οὕτως, ὥσπερ τοῦτο, τὸ | ἕτερον τῷ ἑτέρῳ νοῦσον ποιέει: καὶ κάλ- “ ,ὔ΄ an λιστον οὕτως εὐτρεπίζειν τὰ νοσεόμενα διὰ τῶν τὰς © an νούσους ποιεύντων: οὕτω yap ἂν κάλλιστα τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ νοσεομένου τις ἰῷτο. Τὸ δὲ σῶμα αὐτὸ ἑωυτῷ τωὐτόν ἐστι καὶ ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν σύγκειται, ὁμοίως δὲ συνεχόντων, καὶ τὰ ἊΝ cal Xx , Ν Ν / Ν Ν σμικρὰ αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ μεγάλα καὶ τὰ κάτω καὶ τὰ A ‘\ » ’΄ A 4 > ‘\ ἄνω: Kat εἴ τις βούλεται τοῦ σώματος ἀπολαβὼν uA lal 4 / A ‘\ A μέρος κακῶς ποιέειν TO σμικρότατον, πᾶν TO σῶμα > A , > = ‘ ΄ “ αἰσθήσεται τὴν πεῖσιν, ὁποίη ἄν τις ἢ, διὰ τόδε ὅτι τοῦ σώματος τὸ σμικρότατον πάντα ἔχει, ὅσα περ ‘ Ν aA A » ἣν» ἊΝ καὶ τὸ μέγιστον: τοῦτο δ᾽ ὁποῖον ἄν τι πάθῃ τὸ σμι- κρότατον, ἐπαναφέρει πρὸς τὴν ὁμοεθνίην ἕκαστον Ν Ν ε A » ΄ », Ν > Ν πρὸς τὴν ἑωυτοῦ, ἤν τε κακόν, HV τε ἀγαθὸν ἢ" καὶ ὃ Ν a ἊΝ 0.9 ΄ Natey, ε ΝΟ ΨΜ lal la ταῦτα καὶ ἀλγέει καὶ ἥδεται ὑπὸ ἔθνεος τοῦ σμι- / A ἵν A » κροτάτου TO σῶμα, OTL EV τῷ σμικροτάτῳ πάντ᾽ ἔνι τὰ μέρεα, καὶ ταῦτα ἐπαναφέρουσιν ἐς τὰ σφῶν A [2 Ν > αὐτῶν ἕκαστα, καὶ ἐξαγγέλλουσι πάντα.
2. Φύσις δὲ τοῦ σώματος, ἀρχὴ τοῦ ἐν ἰητρικῇ
20
PLACES IN MAN
turned away from the cavity, moves away all at once to the head, and when it arrives in the head, not finding room in the vessels there, flows anywhere it can, both all about the head and into the brain [through the fine bone]; some of it goes into the bone, some through the fine bone to around the brain. If it goes back to the cavity, it produces disease in the cavity; if it happens to go somewhere else, it produces disease there. Elsewhere it is just the same, one part produces disease in another. In view of this, it is best to set diseases right by means of the factors that pro- duce them; for in this way you can best treat the source of diseases.*
The body is uniform throughout and is composed of the same things, connected in the same way, the small parts and the large, those lower down and those higher up. And if someone wishing to harm the body should take away some part, even the smallest, the whole body will experience the hurt, of whatever sort it be, because the smallest part of the body has everything that the greatest part has. Anything the smallest part experiences, either good or bad, it passes on to its related part, each to its own particular relative. For this reason, a person experiences both pain and pleasure from the smallest members of his body, since all parts are present in the smallest, and these smallest parts pass on their experience to each of their own, and inform them of everything.
2. The nature of the body is the beginning point of
4 See chapter 31 below. b Te. structure and function.
1 Del. Ermerins. 2 Potter: οὐκ ἐχόντων (-τος) AV.
21
280
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ANOPQTION
λόγου: πρῶτον διατέτρηται 7 ἐσακούομεν: τὰ μὲν Ἂς ἣν ἊΝ 3 / 4 > > 4 »Μ an yap περὶ τὰ ὦτα πέριξ κενεά, οὐκ εἰσακούει ἄλλο ἢ ΄ ἈΝ Ὁ , Ψ > oN Ν A ΄] > ψόφον καὶ ἰαχήν: 6 τι δ᾽ av διὰ τῆς μήνιγγος ἐς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον ἐσέλθῃ, TovTo! διαφραδέως ἀκούεται ἊΝ ΄ὔ tal lal ar ταύτῃ" καὶ μόνη τρῆσις διὰ τῆς μήνιγγός ἐστι τῆς περὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον περιτεταμένης. κατὰ δὲ τὰς ῥῖνας τρῆμα μὲν οὐκ ἔνεστιν, σομφὸν δέ, οἷον / ἊΣ Ν A Ἂν 4 > 4 a σπόγγια: καὶ διὰ τοῦτο διὰ πλείονος ἀκούει ἢ > , ‘\ ἊΝ Ν 4 c > Ν A ὀσφραίνεται: κατὰ πολὺ yap σκίδναται ἡ ὀδμὴ τῆς ὀσφρήσιος. Καὶ ἐς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς φλέβια λεπτὰ ἐς τὴν ὄψιν lal Ν A / ἴω ἐκ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου διὰ τῆς μήνιγγος τῆς περιεχούσης φέρονται: ταῦτα δὲ τὰ φλέβια τὴν ὄψιν τρέφουσι τῷ lal “- A A a ὑγρῷ τῷ καθαρωτάτῳ τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου, ἐς ὃ ΝΞ ΄ 5 A | 3 va A Ν Ν καὶ ἐμφαίνεται ἐν τοῖσιν | ὀφθαλμοῖσιν: ταῦτα δὲ τὰ φλέβια καὶ ἀποσβεννύασι τὰς ὄψεις ὅταν ξηρανθῶ- / Ἂς tal > ε ἊΝ 5 Ν σιν. μήνιγγες δὲ τρεῖς εἰσιν ai τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς / ¢ Ν 5 , / ε δὲ ὃ Ν φυλάσσουσαι, ἡ μὲν ἐπάνω παχυτέρη, ἡ δὲ διὰ 4 ὯΝ «ς Ν ΄ ἊΝ ¢ Ἂν ¢ ἊΝ μέσου λεπτοτέρη, ἡ δὲ τρίτη λεπτὴ ἡ τὸ ὑγρὸν φυλάσσουσα: τούτων ἡ μὲν ἐπάνω καὶ παχυτέρη ΦΈΡΟΝ ἐλ Ay: ε δὲ ὃ Ν / > ΄ ὃ Ξ νοσέει"“ ἣν κωφωθῇ: ἡ δὲ διὰ μέσου ἐπικίνδυνος αὕτη καί, ὅταν ῥαγῇ, ἐξίσχει οἷον κύστις: ἡ δὲ τρίτη ἣ λεπτοτάτη πάμπαν ἐπικίνδυνος, ἡ τὸ ὑγρὸν 4 4 Ν 4 > Ν A > 4 φυλάσσουσα. μήνιγγες δὲ δύο εἰσὶ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου" ἡ λεπτὴ οὐκέτι ἰατὴ" ἐπὴν τρωθῇ. 3. Φλέβες δὲ περαίνουσι μὲν ἐς τὴν κορυφὴν διὰ τῆς σαρκὸς ἔχουσαι πρὸς τὸ ὀστέον: φέρονται δὲ
διὰ τῆς σαρκός, δύο μὲν ἐκ τῆς κορυφῆς κατ᾽ ἰθὺ ἣ
22
PLACES IN MAN
medical reasoning. Now first, the meningeal membrane is perforated at the point through which we hear, for the emptiness all around the ear only hears sounds and shouts, whereas what goes through the membrane into the brain is perceived distinctly. This is the only perfora- tion through the membrane that covers the brain. In the region of the nostrils there is no perforation, but a kind of porousness, like a sponge; for this reason a person hears over a greater distance than he is able to smell, since odours are thoroughly broken up on their way to the organ of smell.
To the eyes: narrow vessels lead to the pupil from the brain through the membrane that encloses it. These ves- sels nourish the pupil with purest moisture from the brain, and it is in this moisture that the image appears in the eyes. The same vessels also extinguish the pupils if they dry out. There are three membranes protecting the eye: a thicker one on the surface, a thinner one at the intermediate position, a third fine one that protects the moisture. Of these, the thicker one on the surface becomes ill if it is dulled. The one in the intermediate position is vulnerable, and when it tears it protrudes like a bladder. The third and finest membrane is extremely vul- nerable, i.e. the one that protects the moisture. Of the brain, there are two membranes; the fine one cannot be healed, when once injured.
3. There are vessels that have their terminus at the vertex of the head and that pass through the tissue close to the bone. Two run through the tissue in a straight line
1 τοῦτο om. V. 2 Potter: νοῦσος AV. 3 R: ἡ αὐτὴ AV.
23
282
ΠΕΡῚ TOMQN TON KATA ANOPOTION
e > 4 , Ν A > ἊΝ αἱ ὀφρύες συγκλείονται καὶ τελευτῶσιν ἐς τοὺς καν- θ Ν A > a 1 ΄ δὲ ΓΤ ΤῸΝ A a > τ ovs τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν," μία δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς κορυφῆς ἐς τὴν ῥῖνα φέρεται καὶ σχίζεται ἐς τὸν χόνδρον τῆς ῥινὸς ἑκάτερον: ἄλλαι δύο φλέβες παρὰ τοὺς κροτάφους φέρονται ἐν μέσῳ τῶν κροτάφων καὶ τῶν ὦτων, at / Ν 35 \ 4 ere lal Ν πιέζουσι τὰς ὄψεις καὶ σφύζουσι αἰεί: μοῦναι γὰρ αὗται οὐκ ἄρδουσι τῶν φλεβῶν, ἀλλ᾽ ἀποτρέπεται a e 9 ἐξ αὐτῶν τὸ αἷμα“ τὸ δ᾽ ἀποτρεπόμενον ἀποσυμ- βουλεύει τῷ ἐπιρρέοντι: καὶ τὸ μὲν ἀποτρεπόμενον
3 τὸ δ᾽ ἄνωθεν ἐπιρρέον
βουλόμενον ἄνω χωρέειν,
/ ΄ὔὕ an > lal > 4 i“ Ν βουλόμενον κάτω χωρέειν, ἐνταῦθα ὠθεύμενά τε καὶ > ΄ Ν », Ν 4 Ν ἀναχεόμενα πρὸς ἄλληλα καὶ κυκλούμενα, σφυγμὸν παρέχουσι τοῖσι φλεβίοισιν.
Ἢ δὲ ὄψις τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου ὑγρῷ τρέφεται: ὅταν δέ τι τοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν φλεβῶν λάβῃ, τῇ ῥύσει ταράσσεται, καὶ οὐκ ἐμφαίνεται ἐς αὐτὸ καὶ προκι-
΄ὔ / 2 > > lal Ν Ἂς e ΕΣ 5 / νέεσθαι δοκέει ἐν αὐτῷ τοτὲ μὲν οἷον εἴδωλον ὀρνί- θων, τοτὲ δὲ οἷον φακοὶ μέλανες, καὶ τἄλλα οὐδὲν ἀτρεκέως κατ᾽ ἀληθείην δύναται ὁρᾶν. ἄλλαι δύο φλέβες ἐν μέσῳ τῶν TE ὦτων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων φλεϊβῶν, at φέρονται ἐς τὰ ὦτα, καὶ πιέζουσι τὰ ὦτα: ἄλλαι δύο φλέβες ἐκ τῆς συγκλείσεως τοῦ ὀστέου ἐς τὰς ἀκοὰς φέρονται.
Αἱ δὲ κάτω τοῦ σώματος τετραμμέναι, δύο μὲν φλέβες παρὰ τοὺς τένοντας τοῦ τραχήλου, φέρονται δὲ καὶ παρὰ τοὺς σπονδύλους καὶ τελευτῶσιν ἐς τοὺς νεφρούς: αὗται δὲ καὶ ἐς τοὺς ὄρχιας περαίνουσιν,
Ν “ : , - ") “ και OTAV αυται πονήσωσιν, ALLA οὐρέει ὥνθρωπος.
24
PLACES IN MAN
from the vertex to where the eyebrows meet, and end at the corners of the eyes. One runs from the vertex to the nose, and divides to each side of the nasal cartilage. Two other vessels pass (from the vertex of the head) along the temples, between the temples and the ears; these com- press the eyes and are always throbbing, for they are the only vessels that do not dispense their moisture, so that the blood is turned back out of them; on turning back it clashes with the new blood that is flowing to them; and the blood that turns back tries to flow up the vessel, while the new blood that is coming from above tries to flow down the vessel, and both currents, thrust forward, pour- ing out against one another, and moving in a circle, pro- duce a pulsation in the vessels.
The pupil is nourished by moisture from the brain; if it takes up anything from the vessels, it is disturbed by this afflux, and the image does not appear normally in it, but something seems to dance before it, sometimes like the image of birds and sometimes like black specks, and oth- erwise it is not able to see anything clearly according to reality. Two other vessels, located between the ears and the pair of vessels mentioned above, pass to the ears and press on them. Two other vessels run from the (sagittal) suture to the organ of hearing.
Other vessels are directed down through the body. Two vessels run beside the tendons of the neck and along the vertebrae, to end at the kidneys; these also terminate at the testes; and when they are afflicted, the person
lV: ἐς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῶν κανθῶν A. 2V: φλέγμα A. 3 ἄνω x. Zwinger in margin: ἀποχωρέειν AV.
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ΠΕΡῚ TOMQN TON KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
ἄλλαι δύο φλέβες ἀπὸ τῆς κορυφῆς φέρονται ἐς Ν », ‘ ἣν ἂν > Lal 4 BA τοὺς @pous, καὶ δὴ καὶ ὠμιαῖαι καλέονται. ἄλλαι , , DN r A ν᾿ ΝΎ ΩΝ » A δύο φλέβες ἀπὸ τῆς κορυφῆς Tapa τὰ ὦτα ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ τραχήλου ἑκατέρωθεν ἐς τὴν κοίλην φλέβα καλεομένην φέρονται. ἡ δὲ κοίλη φλὲψ 4 \ ε e > 4 / ‘ ᾿ς περαίνεται μὲν ὡς ὁ οἰσοφάγος, πέφυκε δὲ μεταξὺ ἴων / A A > 4 4 Ν ΩΝ τοῦ τε βρόγχου καὶ τοῦ οἰσοφάγου: φέρεται δὲ διὰ τῶν φρενῶν καὶ διὰ τῆς καρδίης καὶ μεταξὺ τῶν φρενῶν, καὶ σχίζεται ἐς τοὺς βουβῶνας καὶ ἐς τοὺς μηροὺς ἐντός, καὶ τὰς διασφαγὰς ἐν τοῖσι μηροῖσι ποιέεται, καὶ ἐς τὰς κνήμας φέρεται ἐντὸς παρὰ τὰ σφυρά: αὗται καὶ ἄκαρπον ποιέουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον 3 A a ὅταν ἀποτμηθῶσιν, ai καὶ ἐς τοὺς μεγάλους δακτύ- λους τελευτῶσιν. ἐκ δὲ τῆς κοίλης φλεβὸς ἀποπέ- φυκεν ἐς τὴν χεῖρα τὴν ἀριστερήν" φέρεται δ᾽ ὑπο- κάτω τοῦ σπληνὸς ἐς τὴν λαπάρην τὴν ἀριστερήν, [4 ε Ν > / ‘ A > 4 Ν Ν ὅθεν ὁ σπλὴν ἀποπέφυκε διὰ τοῦ ἐπιπλόου, καὶ τὴν 3 4 3 > Ν ’ > 4 Ν ἀποτελεύτησιν ἔχει ἐς τὸν κίθαρον: ἀποπέφυκε δὲ x ‘\ / Ν 4 A“ > , , κατὰ τὰς φρένας, καὶ ξυμβάλλει τῇ ὠμιαίῃ κάτω
| τάμνεται
τοῦ ἄρθρου τοῦ ἀγκῶνος, καὶ τοῦ σπληνὸς “ Ν yy > Ν Ἂς Ν 5 ον ’ > αὕτη: καὶ ἄλλη ἐς τὴν δεξιὴν TOV αὐτὸν τρόπον ἀπο- πέφυκεν ἀπὸ τῆς κοίλης.5 κοινωνέουσι δὲ πᾶσαι αἱ ΄ Ν / > ε ΄ ε Ν Ν ΄, φλέβες καὶ διαρρέουσιν ἐς ἑωυτάς: αἱ μὲν γὰρ σφί- σιν ἑωυταῖς ξυμβάλλουσιν, αἱ δὲ διὰ τῶν φλεβίων » / > \ a lal a 7 Ἂς τῶν διατεταμένων ἀπὸ τῶν φλεβῶν, at τρέφουσι τὰς σάρκας, ταύτῃ διαρρέουσι πρὸς ἑωυτάς. 4. Καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν φλεβῶν ὅ τι ἂν νόσημα γένηται,
eas xv Ν A , a“ Ν A ῥᾷόν ἐστιν ἢ ἀπὸ TOV νεύρων: διαρρεῖ yap σὺν TO
26
PLACES IN MAN
passes blood in his urine. Two other vessels run from the vertex of the head to the shoulders, and are in fact called “shoulder vessels”. Two other vessels run from the vertex of the head, past the ears, through the front of the neck on each side, and into what is called the “hollow vessel” (vena cava). The hollow vessel takes the same course as the oesophagus, and is situated between the wind-pipe and the oesophagus. It passes over the surface of the diaphragm and the heart, between the halves of the diaphragm, and divides towards the groins and the insides of the thighs; it forms branches in the thighs and passes below the knee on the inside past the ankle; these vessels make a person sterile if they are cut, and they end at the large toes. From the hollow vessel there is a branch to the left arm: it passes beneath the spleen to meet the left flank at the point from which the spleen grows out along the omentum, and has its termination by entering the chest: it reappears on the other surface of the diaphragm, and finally joins the shoulder vessel below the elbow joint; this vessel is used for phlebotomy of the spleen. Another vessel branches to the right from the hollow vessel in the same way. All vessels communicate and flow into one another: for some join one another directly, while others join small vessels coming from the vessels that nourish the tissues and in this way flow into one another.
4. Any disease that arises from the vessels is easier than one that arises from the cords, for it flows away with
'ν: ἀγκῶνος A. 2 Foes in note 14, after Calvus’ de cava vena: κοιλίης AV.
27
284
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
ε A A > 4 5 Lal Ν Ν > > 4 ὑγρῷ τῷ ἐνεόντι ἐν τῇσι φλεψὶ καὶ οὐκ ἀτρεμίζει: Ν ε ΄ al Ν 3 ε a > > lal | καὶ ἡ φύσις τῇσι φλεψὶν ἐν ὑγρῷ ἐστιν ἐν τῇσι / x Ν lal tA , > Ν 3 4 Ἂς σαρξί. τὰ δὲ νεῦρα ξηρά τέ ἐστι καὶ ἀκοίλια, καὶ Ν A 5 / Ψ» Ν ΄ Ν ἧς πρὸς τῷ ὀστέῳ πεφύκασιν, καὶ τρέφονται δὲ τὸ Lal 5 A A > , 4 Ν Ν > Ν. » πλεῖστον ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀστέου, τρέφονται δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκός, καὶ τὴν χροιὴν καὶ τὴν ἰσχὺν μεταξὺ τοῦ ΄ \ A ‘ 5 ὀστέου καὶ τῆς σαρκὸς πεφύκασι, καὶ ὑγρότερα μέν εἰσι τοῦ ὀστέου καὶ σαρκοειδέστερα, ξηρότερα δ᾽ Ν vn 4 Ν 4 4 εἰσὶν ἢ al σάρκες καὶ ὀστοειδέστερα: νόσημα δ᾽ 6 TL “Δ 5 3 ἃς 2 CS, 4 Ν 5 , > lal av ἐς αὐτὰ ἔλθῃ, pwvvuTat τε Kal ἀτρεμίζει Ev TO 2 A ἣν ΄ > » δ΄ 7 ΄ ih ΣΤῚΣ αὐτῷ, καὶ χαλεπόν ἐστιν ἐξάγειν: μάλιστα δ᾽ ἐσέρ- χονται τέτανοί τε καὶ ἄλλα, ad’ ὧν τρόμος TO σῶμα , Ἂν λαμβάνει καὶ τρέμειν ποιέει.
5. Τὰ δὲ νεῦρα πιέζουσι τὰ ἄρθρα, παρατεταμένα ͵΄ > xo \ A > ΄ \ ΄ » τέ εἰσι παρ᾽ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα: ἰσχύουσι δὲ μάλιστα ἐν ἐκείνοισι τοῦ σώματος καὶ αἰεὶ παχύτατά ἐστιν, ἐν a A ΄ ΄ \ δ οἷσι τοῦ σώματος αἱ σάρκες ἐλάχισταΐ εἰσι. καὶ τὸ μὲν σῶμα πᾶν ἔμπλεον νεύρων: περὶ δὲ τὸ πρόσ-
Ἂς Ν Ν > » a > NFS) ὠπον καὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν οὐκ ἔστι νεῦρα, ἀλλὰ ἶνες παρόμοιαι νεύροις μεταξὺ τοῦ τε ὀστέου καὶ τῆς σαρκὸς λεπτότεραι καὶ στερεώτεραι, αἱ δὲ νευρο- κοίλιοι.
6. Αἱ κεφαλαὶ ῥαφὰς ἔχουσιν, αἱ μὲν τρεῖς, αἱ δὲ / » 3 τέσσαρας: αἱ μὲν τέσσαρας ἔχουσαι, κατὰ τὰ ὦτα (- ΄ὔ fi τ / » » » ἑκατέρωθεν ῥαφή, ἄλλη ἔμπροσθεν, ἄλλη ἐξόπισθεν τῆς κεφαλῆς, οὕτω μὲν ἡ τὰς τέσσαρας ἔχουσα: ἡ Ν Ν A \ 3 δὲ τὰς τρεῖς, κατὰ τὰ ὦτα ἑκατέρωθεν, καὶ ἔμπροσ- θεν: ὥσπερ δὲ ἡ τὰς τέσσαρας ἔχουσα, οὐ δια-
28
PLACES IN MAN
the moisture present in the vessels, and does not remain fixed. The home of vessels is in the moisture in the tis- sues. Cords, on the other hand, are dry and lack a lumen, and they grow next the bone; they receive most of their nourishment from the bone, and also some from the tis- sues; cords are in colour and strength midway between bone and tissue; they are moister than bone and more fleshy, but drier than tissue and more osseous. Any dis- ease that enters the cords is severe and settles in one place, and it is difficult to drive out; the most frequent examples are tetanus and similar diseases, as the result of which trembling seizes the body and makes it shake.
5. The cords exert pressure on the joints, and they are present over the whole body. They have the greatest strength and are invariably thickest in the parts of the body where the fleshy parts are least. The whole body is quite full of cords; around the face and head, however, there are no cords, but instead fibers similar to cords, nar- rower and more rounded, midway between bone and muscle: they are the “hollow cords”.
6. Skulls have sutures, some of them three, others four. In those with four, there is one suture in the region of the ears on each side, another at the front, and another behind: thus the head has four. The skull with three sutures has them by the ears and at the front. Here, as in the skull with four sutures, there is no joining suture.
29
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ΠΕΡῚ TOMQN TON KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
7 > ‘\ vas ε 7 e vA ’ > Ν Ἂν πέφυκεν οὐδὲ ταύτῃ ῥαφή: ὑγιεινότεροι δ᾽ εἰσὶ τὴν
Ν G ἣν "2 ε ἂν y+ > lal κεφαλὴν οἱ τὰς πλείονας ῥαφὰς ἔχοντες. EV τῇσι
> , ὃ ΄ 1 Ν 3 ΄ See ΄ A ὀφρύσι διπλόον" τὸ ὀστέον, καὶ ἡ σύγκλεισις TOV » ἴω » Ἂς tal γενύων ἔν τε | τῷ γενείῳ μέσῳ Kal ἄνω πρὸς TH κεφαλῇ. σπονδύλους οἱ μὲν πλείονας, οἱ δὲ ἐλάσ- σονας ἔχουσιν" καὶ οἱ μὲν πλείονας ἔχοντες, δυοῖν
5, 3, A ἴω δέοντας εἴκοσιν ἔχουσι, σὺν τοῖσι δ᾽ ἐσχάτοισιν ” ΄ > χὰ ε Ν » Ν A ag ε δὲ εἴκοσίν εἰσιν, ὧν οἱ μὲν ἄνω πρὸς τῇ κεφαλῇ," οἱ δὲ 4 Ν A Ν ε 4 + A
κάτω πρὸς TH ἕδρῃ. πλευραὶ ἑπτά: ἄρθρα τῶν πλευ- ρέων, τὰ μὲν ὄπισθεν τοῦ σώματος πρὸς τοὺς σπον- δύλους, τὰ δ᾽ ἔμπροσθεν ἐν τῷ στέρνῳ πρὸς ἑωυτάς. KAnioes ἄρθρα ἔχουσι, τὰ μὲν ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ στέρνου
‘\ lal » Ν \ κατὰ τὸν βρόγχον, κατὰ ταῦτα ἤρθρωνται: τὰ δὲ
3ι ἃ πρὸς τοὺς ὥμους κεκλιμένα πρὸς τὰς πλάτας, αἱ ἐπὶ
a » ΞΔ ΄ ε δὲ ΄ Ν Ν τοῖς ὦμοις αἰεὶ" πεφύκασιν. αἱ δὲ πλάται πρὸς τὰ
al ", 4> / CREA. Vi. ΄ Sg Ss γυῖα npOpwvrar,* ἐπιβάλλουσαι ἐπὶ TO ὀστέον TO EV
Lal Ν ἣν τῷ γυίῳ. παρὰ δὲ τὸ ὀστέον περόναι δύο παρήκου- ε Ἂς ” ε ὮΝ > ’ὔ’ aA Ν Ν 4 ow, ἡ μὲν ἔνδοθεν, ἡ δὲ ἐκτός, ai πρὸς Tas πλάτας τῷ ὀστέῳ προσπεφυκυῖαι ἤρθρωνται. ΄ δ 5 Pes A ΄ Ν ΄ ”
Κάτω δ᾽ ἐν τῷ ἀγκῶνι, κάτω μὲν περόνῃ ἤρθρων- ται κάτω πεφυκυῖα, ἄνω δὲ" σμικρῷ τῆς περόνης ἐς τὸν ἀγκῶνα, τό τε ὀστέον καὶ ἡ περόνη ἐς τὸ αὐτὸ
’ ", > A 4 , συμβάλλοντα ἄρθρον ἐν τῷ κυβίτῳ ποιέουσιν. παρὰ τὸν πῆχυν δὲ περόναι παρήκουσι λεπταὶ πάνυ
ὮΝ e Ν 4 », ε ‘ / / Ν Ν τεσσάαρεές, Al μεν δύο ανω, Ab δὲ δύο κατω᾽ και προς
ΕΑ: διῆλθον Ν. 2 Froben: τῇ ἕδρῃ τῆς κεφαλῆς AV. 3 ὥμ. αἰεὶ V: ἄρθροις A. 1 τὰ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ὠμοὺς add. V.
30
PLACES IN MAN
People have better health in the head who have the greater number of sutures. In the eyebrows the bone is double. The symphysis of the two halves of the jaw is in the middle of the chin, and this bone articulates above, next the head. Some individuals have a greater number of vertebrae, others less; those with the greater number have eighteen; with the ones at the ends, that makes twenty, of which one is at the top next the head, and one at the bottom in connection with the seat. Seven ribs: the ribs articulate at the back of the body with the vertebrae, at the front at the breast-bone with one another. The collar-bones have joints in the middle of the breast-bone by the windpipe, where they are fastened to one another, and in the shoulders, where they rest against the blades, which are always present on the shoulders. The shoulder- blades articulate with the limbs, lying next the bone in the limb. Alongside the bone (head of the humerus) are two processes—one on the inside (coracoid process) and one on the outside (acromion)—which, being joined to the shoulder-blades by bone, form the articulation.
Lower down in the bend of the elbow: on the lower side articulation is to a process growing on the lower side (olecranon), on the upper side, articulation occurs, a little above the process, into the elbow (olecranon fossa); by uniting, the bone and the process form a joint at the elbow. Alongside the forearm are four very slight pro- cesses, two on the upper side, two on the lower side: at
°KatTw πεφυκυῖα, ἄνω δὲ A: κατὰ TO πεφυκὸς κοιλανῶδες
V.
31
288
ΠΕΡῚ TOMQN TON KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
A ἴων 32) “ μὲν τὸν ἀγκῶνα δύο περόναι πεφυκυῖαι ἄνω ἐκ τοῦ ὀστέου πεφύκασιν, αὗται σὺν τῷ ὀστέῳ πεφυκυῖαι
\ a lal > / A 5 > ἂν; , παρὰ TO τοῦ ὀστέου ἄρθρον ἤρθρωνται ἐς TO κύβι- τον" αἱ δὲ κάτω κείμεναι καὶ ἐντὸς κεκλιμέναι, αὗται 5 4 4 Ν Ν / Ν ἀμφότεραι ξυμβάλλουσαι πρὸς τὴν περόνην τὴν ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ γυίου φερομέϊνην, ἐντὸς τοῦ γυίου ἤρθρωνται, καὶ περόνην καλευμένην ποιέουσιν,
e ε a ΄ 5 a / 5 , αὗται ἑωυταῖς ξυμβάλλουσαι ἐν τῷ κυβίτῳ ἐντός. κάτω δὲ πρὸς τὴν χεῖρα τὸ ὀστέον ἄρθρον ἔχει: αἱ δὲ περόναι ταύτῃ ἁπαλαὶ ἐοῦσαι, αἱ μὲν δύο οὐκ 5 7 3 Ἂς A ε 9 A: Ν ¢ 4 Ἦν A ἐξήκουσιν ἐς τὸ ἄρθρον, ἡ δ᾽ ἄνω καὶ ἡ κάτω σὺν TO ὀστέῳ ἤρθρωνται πρὸς τὴν χεῖρα. αἱ δὲ χεῖρες + 5 4 (4 Ἂς > , Ν (4 Ν ἄρθρα ἔχουσι πολλά: ὅσα γὰρ ὀστέα πρὸς ἑωυτὰ ἢ oe A / / συμβάλλουσι, πάντα ἄρθρα ποιέουσιν. δάκτυλοι ἄρθρα ἔχουσι, ἕκαστος τρία, ἕν μὲν ὑπὸ τῷ ὄνυχι ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ τε ὄνυχος καὶ τοῦ κονδύλου, ἄλλο ἐν τῷ - », κονδύλῳ, ἣ καὶ ξυγκάμπτουσι τοὺς δακτύλους, ἄλλο τρίτον, ἣ ὁ δάκτυλος ἀπὸ τῆς χειρὸς ἀποπέφυκεν. Ἔν δὲ τοῖσιν ἰσχίοισιν ἄρθρα δύο εἰσὶν αἱ κοτύ- λαι καλεύμεναι, καὶ οἱ μηροὶ ἐς ταῦτα ἐνήρθρωνται: παρὰ δὲ τοὺς μηροὺς περόναι δύο παρήκουσιν, ἡ x > 4 ε ’ > 4 Ν > Ἂν A > 4 μὲν ἐντός, ἡ δ᾽ ἐκτός, Kai ἐς TO ἄρθρον οὐδετέρη > ΄ 5ῷ,», ¢ # > Ν Ν “ee ΄ ἐξήκει οὐδ᾽ ἑτέρωθεν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τῷ ὀστέῳ προσπε- φύκασι πρὸς τῷ μηρῷ. ὁ δὲ μηρὸς ἄνωθεν μέν, ἡ ἐς τὴν κοτύλην ἐμβάλλει, δίκραιός ἐστι τοιῇδε δικραιό- τητι: ἐπὶ μὲν τοῦ ἐντὸς κεκλιμένου τῶν δικραίων ἐπὶ
“ 5 3 / ΄ A a TOU ἄκρου ἐπιπέφυκεν στρογγύλον καὶ λεῖον, ὃ καὶ
32
PLACES IN MAN
the elbow two processes (lateral and medial epicondyles) grow above out of the bone; these are united with the bone (humerus) and articulate with the joint surface (trochlea and capitulum) into the elbow. The two pro- cesses lying on the lower side and inclining inward both (coronoid process with the trochlear notch and head of the radius) unite against the process from above, which comes from the limb (humerus), and articulate inside the limb; they form what is called the “process”; they unite with one another inside the elbow. Lower down the bone of the forearm articulates with the hand. The processes there are soft, and two of them are not at the joint (styloid processes?), while the upper one and the lower one artic- ulate with the bone towards the hand. The hands have many joints; for all the bones that unite with one another form joints. The fingers each have three joints: one beneath the nail and the knuckle, another at the knuckle where people bend their fingers, and another third one where the finger grows out of the hand.
In the pelvis are two joints called “cups” (acetabula), and the thigh-bones are attached into these. Alongside the thigh-bones are two processes, one on the inside (lesser trochanter) and one on the outside (greater trochanter); neither of these is at the joint on either side, but are just attached against the thigh-bone. The upper end of the thigh-bone where it enters the cup is forked in the following way: on the end of the branch of the fork
inclining inward grows a smooth sphere, which enters the
33
290
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ ΤΩΝ KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
ἐς τὴν κοτύλην ἐμβάλλει, τὸ δ᾽ ἕτερον τὸ ἔλασσον A 4 ἊΝ > Ν lal + > vA Ν 7 τῶν δικραίων TO ἐκτὸς μᾶλλον ἔξω ἐξέχει, Kal φαί- νεται ἐν τῷ πυγαίῳ κάτω, καὶ ἰσχίον καλέεται. πρὸς δὲ τὸ γόνυ τὸ ὀστέον τοῦ μηροῦ τοιόνδ᾽ ἐστὶ δίκραιον: τῷ δὲ δικραίῳ τούτῳ τὸ ὀστέον ἡ κνήμη ΄ - > ΄ 37} ” x καλεομένη οἷον ἐν γιγγλύμῳ ἐνήρμοσται: ἄνωθεν δὲ τοῦ ἐνηρμοσμένου ἡ μύλη ἐπίκειται, ἣ ἀποκωλύει ἐς τὸ ἄρθρον ἀναπεπτάμενον ἐσβῆναι τὴν ὑγρότητα τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκός. παρὰ δὲ τὴν κνήμην περόναι δύο παρήκουσιν, ai κάτωθεν μὲν πρὸς τοῦ ποδὸς ἐς τὰ σφυρὰ τελευτῶσιν, ἄνωθεν δὲ πρὸς τοῦ γούνατος > 1 55:2 \ SY Ν δὲ Ν ὃ [οὐκ] ἐξήκουσι πρὸς τὸ ἄρθρον. πρὸς δὲ τὸν πόδα ε Τὰ Ἂς ἊΝ Ν », » Ν » ἡ κνήμη κατὰ τὰ σφυρὰ ἄρθρον ἔχει, καὶ ἄλλο κατώτερον | τῶν σφυρῶν: καὶ ἐν τοῖσι ποσὶν ἄρθρα πολλά, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐν τῇσι χερσίν: ὅσα γὰρ τὰ ὀστέα, τοσαῦτα καὶ τὰ ἄρθρα, καὶ ἐν τοῖσι δακτύ- λοισι τῶν ποδῶν τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἴσα κατὰ τὰ αὐτά. ” XN ‘\ > A 4 “4 > Αρθρα δὲ πολλὰ ἐν τῷ σώματι σμικρά, οὐχ ὁμοίως πᾶσιν, ἀλλὰ ἄλλα ἄλλοις: ταῦτα δὲ τὰ 4 cal c / > ’ Ν ὔὕ ec γεγραμμένα πᾶσιν ὁμοίως εἰσίν, καὶ φλέβες at 4 Lal «ε / > 4 », / 4 γεγραμμέναι πᾶσιν ὁμοίως εἰσίν, ἄλλα τε φλέβιά εἰσιν ἄλλοις, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἄξια λόγου. ey mcd, A » / 9 Ν “ “ 7. Μύξα πᾶσιν ἔνεστι φύσει," καὶ ὅταν αὕτη καθαρὴ ἢ, ὑγιαίνουσι τὰ ἄρθρα, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο εὐκί- νητά ἐστιν, ὥστε ὀλισθαίνοντα πρὸς ἑωυτά. πόνος
Ν Ν ΄ ’ὔὕ o A A Ν 4 δὲ καὶ ὀδύνη γίνεται, ὅταν ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκὸς ὑγρασίη
! Del. Potter. 2A: Μύξαι πᾶσίν εἰσι φυσικαὶ V.
94
PLACES IN MAN
cup; the other lesser outward branch of the fork extends further outward and can be seen in the buttock below; it is called the hip. Towards the knee the thigh-bone is also forked, and in this fork the bone called the shin-bone is fixed, as if in a hinge. Over the joint lies the knee-cap, which prevents moisture out of the tissues from entering the joint when it is in the open position. Alongside the shin-bone are two processes, which, at the lower end towards the foot, end by meeting the ankle-bones (lateral and medial malleolus), and, at the upper end towards the knee, are at the joint (head of the fibula and medial condyle of the tibia). At the foot the shin-bone articulates with the ankle-bones, and again below the ankle-bones (with the calcaneum). In the feet there are many joints, just as in the hands; for there are as many joints as there are bones (in the fingers), and in the same way they are equal in number in the toes.
There are many small joints in the body, not the same in all, but different numbers in different individuals; the joints that have been described, however, are the same in all persons. So too the vessels that have been described are the same in all individuals; but there are small vessels that differ in different persons, but those are not worth discussing.
7. Fluid is present naturally in all the joints, and when it is clean the joints are healthy, and for this reason they move easily and their members slip smoothly over one another. Difficulty and pain arise when moisture flows
35
92
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
ε lal 4 lal 7 » ῥυῇ πονησάσης τι: πρῶτον μὲν πήγνυται TO ἄρθρον, Ν Ν € a wn Ν Lal ov yap ὀλισθηρὴ ἡ ὑγρότης ἡ ἐπερρυηκυῖα ἀπὸ τῆς / »” ο , Ἂς σαρκός: ἔπειτα, ὥστε πολλὴ λίην γενομένη, καὶ οὐκ ἀρδομένη ἐκ τῆς σαρκὸς ἀεί, ξηραίνεται, καὶ ὥστε Ἂς A 5» A fal δ, a πολλὴ ἐοῦσα καὶ OV χωρεῦντος τοῦ ἄρθρου ἐκρεῖ, A A A eo ‘A κακῶς TE πεπηγυῖα peTewpicer! τὰ νεῦρα, οἷσι TO ἄρθρον συνδέδεται, καὶ ἄδετα ποιέει καὶ διαλελυ- μένα. καὶ διὰ τοῦτο χωλοὶ γίνονται, καὶ ὅταν μὲν A A ΄ a “ Ν on τοῦτο μᾶλλον γίνηται, μᾶλλον, ὅταν δὲ ἧσσον, ἧσσον. 5 ,ὔ Ν ἊΣ 8. “Es δὲ τὴν κοιλίην καὶ τὰ ἐσθιόμενα καὶ τὰ a > Ν πινόμενα χωρέουσιν, ἐκ δὲ τῆς κοιλίης ives ἐς τὴν a lal κύστιν, ἣ διηθεῖ TO ὑγρόν, τεταμέναι εἰσίν. « i? x / ον ͵ὔ ἴω 9. Ῥόοι δὲ γίνονται καὶ διαψυχομένης τῆς σαρ- Ν ΄ Ν | ΄, NG Kos λίην καὶ διαϊθερμαινομένης καὶ ὑπερφλεγμαι- ΄ ID εὖ δὲ ὃ Ν Ν Ν A ὃς ε ΄ νούσης." poor δὲ διὰ μὲν τὸ ψῦχος γίνονται, ὁπόταν / / -“ e Ν ε 5 ἴω A Ἂς ¢ τόδε γένηται, ὅταν ἡ σὰρξ ἡ ἐν TH κεφαλῇ Kai αἱ ᾽ὔ 4 32, e 4 A φλέβες τεταμέναι ἔωσιν: αὗται, φριξάσης τῆς σαρ- Ν ἂν > Ν > ve Ν 3 ’ὕ KOS καὶ ἐς μικρὸν ἀφικνουμένης καὶ ἐκθλιψάσης, ἐκθλίβουσι τὴν ὑγρότητα, καὶ αἱ σάρκες ἅμα αὗται 3 fe 5 Ν 5 2. Ν ε a ἀντεκθλίβουσιν ἐς μικρὸν ἀφικνούμεναι. καὶ αἱ τρί- χες ἄνω ὀρθαὶ γίνονται ὥστε πάντοθεν ἅμα ἰσχυρῶς / > a “ na > A CLA EA ON ΄ πιεζόμεναι: ἐντεῦθεν 6 τι ἂν ἐκθλιβῇ, ῥεῖ ἡ ἂν τύχῃ. e a Ἂς A © 4 Ν ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ διὰ τὴν θερμότητα, ὅταν αἱ σάρκες ἀραιαὶ γινόμεναι διόδους ποιήσωσι, καὶ τὸ ὑγρὸν θερμαν- θὲν λεπτότερον γένηται (πᾶν γὰρ τὸ ὑγρὸν θερμαι- / / 4 A ‘\ ε A νόμενον λεπτότερον γίνεται) καὶ πᾶν ἐς TO ὑπεῖκον ῥεῖ. 36
PLACES IN MAN
out of tissue that has been damaged in some way. First, the joint becomes fixed, since the moisture flowing into it from the tissue is not slippery. Then, as the amount of moisture is too great, and it is not continually renewed out of the tissue, it dries out, and as it is great in amount and the joint does not have room for it, it flows out of the joint, and, congealing badly, raises up the cords by which the joint is held together, and so unbinds and dissolves the joint. This is why persons become lame; when the process has taken place to a greater degree, more lame, when to a lesser degree, less lame.
8. Into the cavity passes what is eaten and drunk. From the cavity bands extend to the bladder, which filters the liquid.
9. Fluxes occur when the tissue is over-chilled, when it is over-heated, or when there is an excess of phlegm. Fluxes that arise from excessive cold occur when, any time there is over-chilling, the tissue in the head and the vessels are stretched tight: as the tissue shivers, contracts, and squeezes out what is in it, the vessels too squeeze out their moisture, and these tissues, contracting, simultane- ously squeeze back. Since there is great pressure on them from all sides at once, the hairs stand on end; the fluid squeezed out of this area flows wherever it chances to go. Fluxes also arise from excessive heat, when the tissues, on becoming rarefied, develop passages, and the moisture, being heated, becomes thinner (for every fluid becomes thinner on being heated) and all flows in the direction of least resistance.
1 τὸ ἄρθρον add. A. 2V: ὑποφλ- A.
37
294
ΠΕΡῚ TOMQN ΤΩΝ KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
4 ΄ ’ὔ Zz Ν Μάλιστα δ᾽ ὅταν λίην ὑπερφλεγμήνῃ, διὰ τόδε can ε ΄ὕ, ΄ 1 yA ΄ὕ “ a \ ῥεῖ: αἱ σάρκες inv’ ἔμπλεαι γενόμεναι ὅ τι ἂν μὴ δύνωνται χωρέειν, ῥεῖ τὸ ὑγρὸν τὸ μὴ δυνάμενον / can VV @eH ΄ 5 Ν AP Ὁ ΕΣ e χωρέεσθαι, pet δὲ ἣ av τύχῃ: ἐπὴν δὲ ἅπαξ εὔροοι at “ ζ eon » xn ῥοαὶ γένωνται, pet κατὰ" χωρίον ἡ av τύχῃ, ἔστ᾽ ἂν συμπιεχθῶσιν αἱ δίοδοι τοῦ ῥόου. δι᾽ ἰσχνότητα -΄ »“" ww »"». ὅταν τὸ σῶμα ξηρανθῇ' ὥστε γὰρ τὸ σῶμα κοινω- ΄ τ ν ὙΠ A ΄ ν oo» Ἂν ἴα a νέον αὐτὸ ἑωυτῷ διαλαμβάνει καὶ ἄγει, καθ᾽ ὅ τι ἂν - Ν 5 ΄ 5 > 3 Ν ΄ » δὲ > ὑγρὸν ἐπιτύχῃ, ἐς αὐτὸ" τὸ ξηρόν: ἄγειν δὲ ov χαλε- πὸν αὐτό ἐστιν, ὥστε τοῦ σώματος κενοῦ τε καὶ οὐ συνοιδέοντος ὑπὸ ἰσχνότητος. ὅταν δὲ τὰ κάτω \ ΄ Ν > 0 ε ΄ A ΑΝ Ney, ξηρὰ γένωνται, Ta δ᾽ ἄνω ὑγρά (μᾶλλον δὲ τὰ ἄνω ε , 5 , e Ν va ” / 4 > ὑγρά ἐστι τεύχεα, aL yap φλέβες ἄνω πλείονές εἰσιν a / ἢ κάτω, Kai al σάρκες ἐλάττονος ὑγρότητος δεόμε- ε 5 nw wr »” Ν A Ν ἴω “2 ναι αἱ ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ), ἄγει δὴ τὸ ξηρὸν τοῦ σώματος Ν » A ~~ e / Ν «“ Ν / os > » τὸ ἐκ τῆς κεφαλῆς ὑγρόν: καὶ ἅμα καὶ δίοδοί εἰσι τῷ » A ay A a ἄγοντι μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ ἀγομένῳ: Kai yap αὗται κερδαί- νουσιν ὥστε Enpat ἐοῦσαι, καὶ ἅμα καὶ τὰ ὑγρὰ πέφυκε κάτω χωρέειν, καὶ ἢν βραχέη τις ἀνάγκη γένηται. 10. Ῥόοι δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς ἑπτά: ὁ μὲν κατὰ A tA ς Ἂς Ν Ἂς > ε Ἂν; ἂν Ν > Tas ῥῖνας, ὁ δὲ κατὰ τὰ ὦτα, ὁ δὲ κατὰ τοὺς ὀφθαλ- μούς- οὗτοι οἱ Poor καταφανέες ἐκ τῆς κεφαλῆς τοῖ- 5 A 5» Ν ΓῚ -" Ἂν; ,ὔ ε wn ε Ν σιν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν. ἐπὴν δ᾽ ἐς τὸν κίθαρον ῥυῇ ὑπὸ ,ὕ Ν , / Ν ea 5 Ἂς , ψύχεος, χολὴ γίνεται, μάλιστα δὲ ῥεῖ ἐς TOV κίθαρον
I λίην A: αἱ ἣν μὲν V. 2 A. Anastassiou, Gnomon 52 (1980), p. 314: καὶ τὸ A.
38
PLACES IN MAN
Most especially do fluxes arise on account of an excess of phlegm. The tissues becoming too full are not able to make room for it all, and whatever fluid they are not able to make room for flows wherever it chances to go. When the paths of the flux have once been well opened, it flows to any place it chances, until the passages are pinched in. Fluxes arising as the result of withering, when the body becomes dry: since the body communicates with itself, it divides and draws moisture, wherever it chances upon it, to the dryness. To draw the moisture is not difficult, as the body is hollow, and, on account of its withering, the tissue is not expanded so as to be tight. When the lower parts become dry, but the upper ones are moist (in the upper parts there is more moisture, for the vessels above are greater than those below, and the tissues of the head require less moisture), then obviously the dry part of the body draws moisture out of the head; besides, the pas- sages favour the area that is drawing over the one from which is being drawn, since they, being dry, gain in the exchange; furthermore, moisture naturally moves down- wards, even if it is subjected to this compulsion only briefly.
10. Seven fluxes from the head:* A. through the nos- trils; B. through the ears; C. through the eyes. These fluxes are, as may be clearly seen, from the head. D. When there is a flux to the chest on account of cold, bile is present. Usually such a flux occurs because there is
4 See Glands 11 for a similar series of seven fluxes from the
head.
3 Joly: ἑωυτὼ (-τὸ) AV.
39
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
ig Ν 4 Ν / [2 »ἢ᾿, 4 > x ὑπὸ ψύχους διὰ τόδε, ὅτι εὔροον γίνεται ἐς TOV ᾽ “ > XN 4 e Ν Ν Lal βρόγχον, ὥστε οὐδὲ ξυγκεκαλυμμένον: ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ ΄ὔ Ν ὯΝ » ἮΝ A Ν Ἂν A A ψύχους Kal κόπος ἔχει διὰ τοῦτο τοὺς ὑπὸ τῆς χολῆς ἐχομένους, ὅτι αἱ σάρκες, ὅταν χειμίη ἢ, οὐκ ἀτρε- , Ν. » 7 pilovow, ἀλλὰ σείονται, Kal σειόμεναι μοχθέουσι, καὶ κοπιῶσιν, ὥστε σειόμεναι ὥσπερ ἐν τῇσιν ὁδοι- » A © Ἂς ’ὔ πορίῃσιν: καὶ ἔμπυοι γίνονται, ὅταν ἐς τὸν κίθαρον ῥέῃ, καὶ φθισιῶντες. -΄ Ν / / Orav δ᾽ ἐς τὸν μυελὸν poos γένηται, φθίσις > & εἢ; ΄ “ δ᾽ », a > Ν ὃ ΄ ἀλαΐα" γίνεται. ὅταν δ᾽ ὄπισθεν ἐς τοὺς σπονδύλους ἊΝ Ὁ N ΄ Ἐς ὦ ΄ \ AQ, 2 \ Kal ἐς τὰς σάρκας ῥυῇ, ὕδρωψ, γίνεται, Kal τῷδ᾽ ἐστὶ ’΄ Ν ἣν » e Ν ΩΝ γιγνώσκειν, ξηρὰ τὰ ἔμπροσθεν, ἡ κεφαλὴ καὶ « ta Ν ε 5 a Ν A > » at ῥῖνες καὶ οἱ ὀφθαλμοί: καὶ τοῖσιν ὀφθαλμοῖσι / > 7 Ν Ἂν 4 Ἂς ἂν γίνεται ἀμβλυώσσειν, καὶ χλωροὶ γίνονται καὶ τὸ ” A N > > , 2Q7 50» A \ ἄλλο σῶμα, καὶ οὐκ ἀποπτύει οὐδέν, οὐδ᾽ ἣν πολὺ LA “ Ἂν ε {ἢ γα Ν ἴων Ἂς 4 es ῥέῃ: ὅδε yap ὁ poos, διὰ τῆς σαρκὸς μέσης ῥέων a 3, “ ΕΣ » τῆς ὄπισθεν καὶ τῆς ἔμπροσθεν ἀπεστραμμένος, Ν ἤν δ τῷ , \ soe, ” ξηρὰ τὰ ἔμπροσθεν ποιέει, τὴν δ᾽ ὄπισθεν ἄρδει , aA \ \ ΄ DI σάρκα, Kal τὴν ἐντὸς μᾶλλον πρὸς τὴν κοιλίην, ἢ > Ν Ν Ν e ’ Ν aA Ν 5 Ν A > ἐκτὸς πρὸς τὴν ῥινόν: διὰ τοῦτο δὲ ἐκτὸς μᾶλλον ἢ 5 ἊΝ , Lal Ν ᾽’ὔ 4 ἐντὸς στερεώτερον TO σῶμα, καὶ στενωτέρας διατρή- > © lal ΙΝ, σιας ἔχει: ὥστε δὲ λεπταὶ ἐοῦσαι ξυμπιλέονται, καὶ ἀκέουσιν αὗται σφίσιν ἑωυταῖς, καὶ ῥόος οὐ δύναται ΄ 5. 0 ΄ > ΄ δέ > διὰ }5 Ν Ν ταύτῃ ἰέναι οὐδείς: εὐρύτεραι δέ“ εἰσιν αἱ ἐντὸς καὶ » “ λεπτότερα τὰ μεταξὺ ἔχουσαι. | ὁ δὲ ῥόος, ὥστε ad’ - ΄ Ν Ἂς Ν 3 ’ὔ », ΕΝ ὑψηλοτέρων, καὶ λεπτὰ τὰ ἀντικωλύοντα ἔχων, PEL Ν 4 Ν Ἂς cal καὶ πίμπλησιν ὑγρότητος τὰς σάρκας: τὰς ἀπὸ TOV
4 > A > Ν / ε ε ’ / σιτίων ἐς TO αὐτὸ χωρέουσα ἡ ὑγρότης διέφθαρται:
40
PLACES IN MAN
free flow into the windpipe, since it is not closed on the top. From the cold, weariness too is felt in these patients, who suffer from bile, because their tissues, when it is win- tery, do not remain at rest, but shake, and in shaking labour and become weary, because they shake just as in walking. Internal suppurations occur when the flux is to the chest, and also consumptions.
E. When a flux to the marrow occurs, an undetected consumption ensues. F. When there is a flux posteriorly to the vertebrae and the tissues, dropsy arises. This con- dition is to be recognized by the following: the front regions are dry, the head, nostrils and eyes; dullness of vision comes over the eyes, they become yellow-green, and so too does the rest of the body; the patient expecto- rates nothing, not even if the flux is great. For this flux, flowing through the middle of the tissue of the back, and turning away from the tissue in the front, leaves the front dry, but waters the tissue in the back, and more so what is inside next the cavity than what is outside towards the skin. Because of this the body is firmer outside than it is inside, and outside it has narrower channels; being fine, these channels are squeezed together and adhere to themselves, so that no flux can pass through them. Inside, on the other hand, the channels are wider and what is between them is less firm; the flux, then, coming from a higher level and encountering no firm resistance, flows and fills the tissues with moisture. As for the moistures from foods, the moisture as it arrives at the same place is
1 Foes in note 35, after Cornarius’ tabes occulta ac incon- spicua: ἄλλη AV. 2 Schubring: αἵδ᾽ εὐρ. τε AV.
4]
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
, ᾽ SEN ey ΟΝ A , My LING δἰ διεφθαρμένη δ᾽ αὐτὴ ὑπὸ τῆς συμμίξιος, καὶ TO ῥέον ‘ > ἴω > Ἂν ἴω la) 4, Ἂν A 4 σὺν αὐτῇ ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς, τρέφουσι TO σῶμα: λίην δὲ πολλῷ ὑγρῷ αἱ σάρκες τρεφόμεναι καὶ νοσηλῷ
θ ΄ 1 58 + Os) άλλουσαι" ὕδρωπος ἐμπλεαί εἰσιν. BY a INS (ey > ΄ N ͵΄ > ΄ Ἦν δ᾽ ὀλίγον ῥεύσῃ, ἰσχιάδα καὶ κέδματα ἐποίη- σεν, ἐπὴν ῥέον παύσηται: ὥστε γὰρ ὀλίγον ἐρρυη- κὸς καὶ πάντοθεν ὠθεύμενον ὑπὸ παντὸς κρέσσονος ἐόντος ὥστε ὀλίγον ἐόν, καὶ οὐκ ἔχον ἐπιρροὴν 472 » ΄ 5 ΄ 3 NS? > [kat|? ὥστε πάντοθεν ὠθεύμενον, ἐς τὰ ἄρθρα ἀπο- φυγὴν ποιέεται. γίνεται δὲ κέδματα καὶ ἰσχιάδες καὶ ἀπὸ τοιούτων νοσημάτων ὑγιῶν γινομένων" ὅταν Ἂς ἂν “7 4 e ἊΝ , A 4 TO μὲν νόσημα ποιέον ὑγιὲς γένηται, καταλειφθῇ δέ τι ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ καὶ μὴ ἢ αὐτῷ ἔξοδος, μήτ᾽ αὖ ἔσω ΄ 3 > Ν δέ lal ΄ > ΄ ΄ 5 Ν μήτε" ἐς τὸ δέρμα φῦμα ποιήσῃ ἐξιόν, φεύγει ἐς τὸ A 3, 3 3 ὑπεῖκον, ἐς τὰ ἄρθρα, Kai ἢ Kédpata ἢ ἰσχιάδα ἐποίησεν. vn Ν cal 11. Ἢν δὲ συνοιδήσωσιν ai ῥῖνες, Kal φλέγμα- τος ἔμπλεαι ἔωσιν συμπεπηγότος, τοῦτο χρὴ τὸ ᾿ * φλέγμα TO συμπεπηγὸς λεπτύνειν ἢ πυρίῃσιν, ἢ φαρμάκῳ, καὶ μὴ ἀποτρέπειν: ἣν γὰρ ἀποτρεφθὲν » (a 42 ἐξ, 4 No ΚΟΥ, , / , ἄλλῃ πῃ pevon, ταύτῃ TO ῥέον μέζονα νόσον ποιέοι. 12. Ὁπόταν δ᾽ ἐς τὰ ὦτα ῥέῃ, τὸ πρῶτον ὀδύνην ΄ ΄ N , , \ ΄ » » Ἃ παρέχει, βίῃ γὰρ χωρέει: πόνον δὲ παρέχει, ἔστ᾽ ἂν ἀποσυριγγωθῇ: ἐπὴν δὲ μάθῃ ῥεῖν, οὐκέτι πόνον ποιέει. τῷ ὑπὸ τῆς ὀδύνης ἐχομένῳ φάρμακον θερ- μαῖνον φύσει χλιαρὸν ποιήσαντα, διέντα νετώπῳ,
! τε λίην add. A. 2 Del. Littré.
42
PLACES IN MAN
corrupted by being mixed together with the flux from the head, and these nourish the body—in fact, the tissues, over-nourished by the excessive moisture and swollen by its morbid part, are flooded with dropsy.
G. If the flux is small in amount, it produces sciatica and disease in the joints (kedmata) after it has stopped; for inasmuch as the flow was slight and was forced back on all sides by everything being more powerful than it, the flux, being small and not profiting from any additional flux since it is forced back on all sides, makes an escape for itself into the joints. Disease of the joints and sciatica also arise from disorders like these after they have recov- ered. For when the active disease has gone away, but something is left behind in the tissue and has no way out, and it neither escapes back inside nor comes out and forms a tubercle in the skin, it flees in the direction of least resistance, i.e. to the joints, and it gives rise to either disease of the joints or sciatica.
11. If the nostrils swell shut and become filled with congealed phlegm, you must thin this congealed phlegm with vapour-baths or a medication, and take care not to turn it away; for if, on being turned away, the flux goes somewhere else, it produces a greater disease there.
12. When there is a flux to the ears, first it produces pain, for the flow is violent; this distress continues until the flux gains a pipe through which to escape; when flow is once established, there is no longer distress. For the patient afflicted with this pain warm a naturally warming medication, dissolve it in oil of bitter almonds, and infuse
3 ἔξω add. V. 4 Potter: παντὶ (-τῃ) AV.
43
298
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
> lal Ae, 4 4 a Ἂς 5 ἐγχεῖν, καὶ ὄπισθεν σικύην προσβάλλειν, ἣν τὸ ἀρι- a’ Ν lA στερὸν ἀλγέῃ, ἐς τὸ δεξιόν, καὶ | «ἣν τὸ δεξιόν, és>! Ν / Ν ΄ / > 3 ie aN g A TO σκαιόν: μὴ KaTaKpovew δέ, ἀλλ᾽ ws ἂν ἕλκῃ μοῦ- “Ἃ A ΄ A νον" ἣν δὲ μὴ πρὸς ταῦτα παύηται, ψύχοντα ἐγχεῖν ο >) φύσει ψυχρά, Kat φάρμακον mica: 6 τι ἂν κάτω ὑποχώρησιν ποιέῃ, ἄνω δὲ μή, ὥσπερ οὐδ᾽ ἀρήγει > / ἮΝ Ν. 5, ’΄ ἫΝ DEN Ἂν 5 A ες A ἐμέειν, Kal τὰ ἄλλα ψύχειν. Kal αἰεὶ δὲ ἐκ τοῦ ὑγιὲς * μὴ ποιέοντος τρόπου μεταλλάσσειν: Kal ἣν μὲν 3, » “Ἄ κάκιον ποιέῃ, ἔρχεο ἐς τὸ ὑπεναντίον: ἢν δὲ ῥέπῃ ἐς τὸ ὑγιές, τὸ πάμπαν μὴ ἀφελεῖν τι τῶν προσφερο- ΄ 21.515 A Ν A ” μένων, μηδ᾽ ἀποζευγῆσαι, μηδὲ προσθεῖναι ἄλλο τι. Ἂ 5 5 ΄ «7 ἣν δὲ σεσυριγγωμένον ἤδη ἢ, καὶ πεπυωμένος ῥέῃ ἰχὼρ πολὺς καὶ κακὸν ὀζόμενος, τοῦτο ὧδε ποιέειν" ΄ ὃ A ΄ A3 Ψ A Ν σπογγία δεύων ξηραίνων τῷ" φαρμάκῳ ξηρῷ πρὸς τὴν ἀκοὴν ὡς πελαστάτω προσθεῖναι, καὶ πρὸς τὰς ῥῖνας καθαρτήριον, ὅπως, τοῦ ἐς τὰ ὦτα ῥέοντος, 4 Ἂς \ 9 Ν καὶ μὴ ἐς τὴν κεφα- λὴν πάλιν ἀποχωρέῃ, νοσηλὸν ἐόν.
πρόσθεν ἐς τὰς ῥῖνας φέρηται,
13. Ὅταν δ᾽ ἐς ὀφθαλμοὺς ῥεῦμα ἴῃ, φλεγμαί- νουσιν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ καὶ οἰδέουσιν: τοῦτον χρὴ τῷ φαρμάκῳ ἢ τῷ ὑγρῷ ἢ τῷ ξηρῷ ἐν παστῷ ἰᾶσθαι: ἣν δ᾽ εὐθέως φλεγμήνωσι, μὴ ἔγχριε μηδέν, ἀλλ᾽ 7) κλύσαι" κάτω τῷ ἰσχυροτάτῳ, ἢ ἄλλῳ τινὶ ἀπισχνῆ- 6 μὴ ἔμετον
΄, EI Ν ἣν ΄, ες ΄ ΄ ποιήσῃς" ἣν δὲ οἷον λίθοι ὑποτρέχωσιν, φάρμακον
ναι ὑποχωρητικῷ φαρμάκῳ ἀνακῶς,
! Aldina. 2 Mack after Cornarius’ converte: ἔχου AV. 3 Joly: ξηραίνοντι (τινὶ) AV. 4V: ἀποτρέπηται A.
44
PLACES IN MAN
it into the ear. Also apply a cupping-instrument behind the ear; if the pain is in the left ear, on the right side, and <if in the right ear, then on> the left. Do not make inci- sions, but let the cup alone draw. If with this treatment the pain does not stop, cool some naturally cool substance and infuse it into the ear; let the patient drink a medica- tion that will stimulate a downward movement, but not an upward one, as it is not good for him to vomit; for the rest, cool. (Always change from a course of management that is not leading to recovery; if some measure is making things worse, move to its opposite; if the patient is inclining towards health, remove nothing whatsoever of what is being administered, nor discontinue anything, nor add anything new.) If a pipe has already formed, and purulent fluid is flowing out copious and ill-smelling, do the follow- ing. Moisten a sponge, and, drying it with a dry medica- tion, apply it as tightly as possible to the ear; then apply a cleaning medication to the nostrils, in order that what is flowing into the ears will be carried forward into the nose and not move back into the head, for it is peccant.
13. When there is a flux to the eyes, they fill with phlegm and swell up. You must treat this patient with a medication, either moistening or drying, in the form of a powder. If the eyes fill suddenly with phlegm, do not apply ointment, but either administer a good strong enema or reduce the patient's swelling with some other downwards-acting medication carefully, so as not to pro- voke vomiting. If what seem to be little stones run down
5 Mack after Foes’ note 40: καῦσαι AV. 6 Schubring: φυλασσόμενος AV.
45
300
ΠΕΡῚ TOMQN TON KATA ANOPQTION
> , “ A“ 4 », 4 Ν Ν ἐγχρίειν ὅ τι πλεῖστον δάκρυον ἄγειν μέλλει, καὶ τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα ὑγραίνοντα καὶ φλεγμαίνειν ποιέοντα, ¢ ε ΄ ε 5 Ν 4 Ν 5 Ὁ» ὡς ὑγρότεροι οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ γένωνται καὶ ἐκκεκλυσμέ- νοι, ὡς τὸ δάκρυον συμπεπηγὸς ὑποτρέχειν ποιέῃς. Ψ 5} Ἢ Ν > Ν Ν | Ν ve Ν ὅταν δ᾽ ἐς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς κατὰ σμιϊκρὸν ῥέῃ, καὶ κνιπότητα παρέχῃ, τοῦτον ἐγχρίειν μαλθακώδει, ὅ τι 7 , 4 A Ve > 2; 5, Me μέλλει ξηραίνειν ἅμα καὶ δάκρυον ὀλίγον ἄγειν, Kat πρὸς τὰς ῥῖνας φάρμακον προσφέρειν ἢ ἑκάστης ε , av ἈΝ ΄ὔ 4 a 5 a 4 ἡμέρης, ἢ διὰ τρίτης, γνώμῃ TH αὐτῇ χρώμενος: 4 Ν᾿, Ν 4 “ Ν A “Δ 5 “4 τοιόνδε ἔστω TO φάρμακον, ὅ TL μὴ πλεῖον ἢ ἐμβά- φιον ἀπάγειν μέλλει κατὰ τὰς ῥῖνας, ἀπάγειν δὲ Ν , ἊΝ Ν ἊΝ Ἂν 5 Ν 5 κατὰ σμικρόν, τὸ δὲ κατὰ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἀποξη- / e “ \ Ἂς lal > lal 7 ραίνειν, ὡς 6 τι ἂν TO τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν φάρμακον 5 , ἊΣ 5 4 Ἂν Ν αι 5 4 ἀποξηρήνῃ Kat ἀποφράξῃ, κατὰ Tas ῥῖνας ἀποτρά- Ν ‘\ 4 Ν ἴων a , πηται. τὰ δὲ φάρμακα τὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς καθαρτήρια, ἃ μὲν αὐτῶν ἰσχυρά ἐστιν, ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς ἀγου- “ « Ν > / > Ν A > A Ν σιν ὅλης: ἅσσα δὲ ἀσθενέα, ἀπὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν, καὶ αὐτόθεν ἀπὸ τῶν πέλας τῆς ῥινός. “᾿ ᾽ OES A Ν ν Pt) ΄ ΄ Ην δ᾽ ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκὸς καὶ τοῦ ὀστέου, μύξης ὑποστάσης μεταξὺ τοῦ ὀστέου καὶ τῆς σαρκός, c “ 5 ἊΝ 3 ‘\ 4 A A , > ῥεῦμα ἐς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς γένηται, τῷδε δῆλόν ἐστιν, ὅτι ἐντεῦθεν ῥεῖ: τὸ δέρμα τὸ ἐπὶ τῇ κεφαλῇ φλιβό- e / Ν “ > Ἂς Ἂς > 4 μενον ὑπείκει, καὶ ἕλκεα ἐς τὴν κεφαλὴν ἐκθύουσι, A Ν Ν > Ν 4 Ν 3 c καὶ κατὰ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς δακρύουσι, Kal οὐχ ἐλ- κοῦνται τὰ βλέφαρα, οὐδὲ δάκνει, οὐδ᾽ ἀμβλυώσσειν ποιέει, ἀλλ᾽ ὀξὺ ὁρῶν γίνεται: τὸ γὰρ ῥεῦμα οὐχ ε ’ > ε 5 > Ν A > 4 > Ἂς ἁλμυρόν ἐστιν, ὡς οὐκ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου, ἀλλὰ μυξῶδες μᾶλλον. τοῦτον ὧδε χρὴ ἰᾶσθαι: φαρμάκῳ
46
PLACES IN MAN
out of the eyes, smear on whichever medication will best draw tears, and, moistening the rest of the body and mak- ing it full of phlegm in order that the eyes will become moister and be washed out, cause the congealed tears to run down. When moisture flows to the eyes a little at a time and produces irritation, anoint this patient with some emollient that will at the same time both dry the eyes and draw a few tears; to the nostrils apply every day or every other day a medication that has the same pur- pose: let the medication be such as not to draw off through the nostrils more than an oxybaphon, this a little at a time, while at the same time having a drying effect on the eyes, so that anything the medication dries up and turns away from the eyes comes out through the nostrils. Cleaning medications of the head: those that are powerful draw from the whole head, those that are weak, from the eyes and just from the area near the nose.
If—when fluid has collected between the bone and the flesh—a flux occurs from the flesh and the bone to the eyes, the flux’s origin is revealed by the following: the skin on the head gives way when pressed and ulcers break out on the head; patients weep from their eyes, but the eye- lids do not ulcerate, nor does the flux sting or cause dull- ness of vision, but the patient sees keenly. The flux is not salty, not being from the brain, but rather serous. You must treat this patient as follows. Clean his head with a
47
302
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
ἊΝ Ν ἊΝ Ν \ 5 A Ν Ν καθαίρειν χρὴ τὴν κεφαλὴν μὴ ἰσχυρῷ, καὶ τὸ σῶμα ἰσχναίνειν καὶ σιτίοισι καὶ φαρμάκοισι κάτω ὑπάγοντα, ὡς ἀποξηρανθῇ ἰσχναινομένου τοῦ
a’ a A lal σώματος, ἢ ἐκτρεφθῇ τῷ κατὰ Tas ῥῖνας προστιθε- / A μένῳ φαρμάκῳ: πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς οὐδὲν δεῖ / ΄ ED δὲ δὴ δ᾽ C4 ε \ φάρμακον προσφέρειν. ἣν δὲ δὴ μηδ᾽ οὕτως ὑγιὴς ‘ » \ γίνηται, τὴν κεφαλὴν κατατάμνειν ἔστ᾽ ἂν πρὸς TO ὀστέον ἴῃς, μὴ μετεώρους μηδ᾽ ἐπικαρσίους τὰς τομὰς ποιέειν: τάμνειν δὲ ἄχρι τούτου, ἄχρις ἂν τοῦ ἣν vn ὀστέου θίγῃς: τάμνειν δὲ πυκνά, ὡς ἂν TO συνεστη- ἈΝ 5 / ~ Ν la) ε ΄ > , 4 Kos ἐξέλθῃ θᾶσσον διὰ τῶν ἑλκέων ἀπορρέον, ἅμα δὲ αἱ τομαὶ πυκναὶ ἐοῦσαι πρόστασιν ποιέωσι | τῇ σαρκὶ πρὸς τὸ ὀστέον. οὕτως ἰᾶσθαι δεῖ: τούτῳ / ΄ὔ a τοιάδε ἡ ἀποτελεύτησις γίνεται, NY μή τις ἐυτρε- ΄ > > ΄ “ yer ΄ yan ΓΆΡ πίσῃ: οὐκ ἐκκέκλυσται, ὥστ᾽ ἐκκλυζόμενον ὀξὺ ὁρᾶν ποιέειν, αἰεὶ τῷ ἐφισταμένῳ μαρμαρυγώδης μᾶλλον / ἊΝ ἈΝ 5 Ν 6 A ἴων > , > 3 γίνεται, Kal TO ὀξὺ ὁρῶν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀποσβέν- νυται. a Saab) N » » Monte \ \ ε A Hy δ᾽ ἐς τὴν ὄψιν ἐς τὸ ὑγρὸν καθαρὸν αἱματῶ- 4 > , e ’ 4 e »Μ »ἤ, > , δές τι ἐσέλθῃ ὑγρόν, τούτῳ ἡ ὄψις ἔνδον ἐμφαίνεται A 5 “ 5 4 aN ΟΝ / > e >) τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ ov στρογγύλον ἐὸν διὰ τόδε: ἐν @ ἂν Ν «ς 4 > A A > > / 4 Ἂν; τὸ αἱματώδες ἐνῇ, τοῦτο οὐκ ἐμφαίνεται, τούτῳ δὴ 5 / Ν / ΩΝ > \ ᾽ὕ ἐλλείπει τὸ φαινόμενον περιφερὲς εἶναι, καὶ προκινέ- > A / Ν A > A \ > ἊΝ εσθαι αὐτῷ δοκέει πρὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν, καὶ οὐδὲν 9. 5 ΄ ἘΣ δὶ ΄ \ \ ΄ > , Kat’ ἀλήθειαν ὁρᾷ. τούτου χρὴ τὰς φλέβας ἀποκαί-
Ν , Ν », a ’ SEEN Ν ew τὰς πιεζούσας τὰς ὄψιας, at σφύζουσιν αἰεὶ καὶ μεταξὺ τοῦ τε ὠτὸς καὶ τοῦ κροτάφου πεφύκασιν"
καὶ ἐπειδὰν ταύτας ἀποφράξῃς, πρὸς τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
48
PLACES IN MAN
mild medication, and reduce his body’s swelling with foods and medications that act downwards, so that the flux will be dried out as the body’s swelling goes down, or turned aside by a medication applied to the nostrils. Do not administer any medication to the eyes themselves. If, indeed, the patient fails to recover with this treatment, make an incision into his head right down to the bone; do not make the incisions superficial or at an angle—cut until you touch the bone. Make the cuts close together in order that whatever collects in them will escape more quickly by flowing off through the wounds, and at the same time the cuts, being close together, will make the flesh adhere against the bone. This is the way you must treat. Unless someone treats, the case ends as follows: since the eyes are not being washed out—if the eye is washed out it enables the person to see clearly—the con- tinual addition of fluid causes the person more and more to see sparks and his keenness of vision is extinguished.
If anything bloody gets into the clear moisture in the pupil, the person’s pupil forms an image inside the eye that is no longer circular, because wherever the bloody material happens to be the image is not reflected, so that what is seen lacks being spherical, something appears to move before the eyes, and the person sees nothing cor- rectly. You must burn the blood out of the vessels that are pressing on the patient's eyes, i.e. the ones between the ear and the temple that continually throb. When you have turned the flow in these aside, apply to the eyes
49
304
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
Ν 4 “ ε 7 4 Ν μοὺς φάρμακα, ὅσα ὑγραίνει, πρόσφερε, καὶ δάκρυον ἄπαγε ὡς πλεῖστον, ὅπως τὸ συνεστηκὸς ἐν
a > aA > a) Ν Ἂς “ / τοῖσιν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ἐκκλυσθῇ τὸ τὴν νοῦσον παρέ-
b>! lal “ χον. ἣν δὲ ὁ ὀφθαλμὸς ῥαγῇ, μαλθακοῖσι φαρμά- κοισι χρῆσθαι καὶ στρυφνοῖσιν, ὡς στυφόμενον τὸ “ 5 Ἂν ΄ὔ Ν ε 5 \ Ν 3 “ ἕλκος ἐς σμικρὸν συνίῃ, καὶ ἡ οὐλὴ λεπτὴ ἢ. ὅταν > Κ' ΩΣ ΄ Non ed am Ξ ΄ δ᾽ ἄργεμον 7, δακρύειν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ ἀρήγει. 14. Ὁπόταν δὲ εἰς τὸν κίθαρον ῥέῃ καὶ χολὴ ἢ, A A ’ 5 5 4 57 > Ν 4 Ν = τῷδε δῆλόν ἐστιν: ὀδύνη ἔχει ἐς τὴν λαπάρην Kal ἐς Ν BS Ν > \ ΄ Ν ΄ Agee τὴν KANLOA τὴν ἐς τὴν λαπάρην, καὶ πυρετός, καὶ ἢ γλῶσσα τὰ ἄνω χλωρὴ γίνεται, καὶ ἀποχρέμπτεται ξυμπεπηγότα: ταύτης τῆς νούσου ἑβδομαίῳ ὁ κίνδυ- ΄ > xX 59 , ΝΜ ΄ Ihe ΄ > ΄ vos ἐστιν ἢ ἐναταίῳ. [ἄλλη χολή: ὁκόταν ἀμφό- \ ware) ͵΄ \ > 53) o 5 A te ἘΣ τερα τὰ πλευρὰ ἀλγέῃ, τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα ὅμοια H TH ἑτέρῃ, © Ν cal αὕτη μὲν περιπλευμονίη ἐστίν, ἡ δ᾽ ἑτέρη πλευρῖτις. e Ἂ ΄ Ν / “ > Ν ,
Αὗται δὲ γίνονται διὰ τόδε: ὅταν ἐς TOV πλεύμονα ΘΙ» > aA | a Ν A Zi Ν A pevon ἐκ τῆς κεϊφαλῆς διὰ τοῦ Bpoyxov καὶ τῶν 5 lal e 4 “ Ν aN ‘ ‘\ ἀρτηριῶν, ὁ πλεύμων, ἅτε ψαφαρὸς ἐὼν καὶ ξηρὸς
/ [4 > ’ Ἐ Ν Ἂς ε Ν [2 a , φύσει, ἕλκει ἐφ᾽ ἑωυτὸν TO ὑγρὸν 6 τι ἂν δύνηται: καὶ ἐπὴν εἰρύσῃ, μέζων γίνεται, καὶ ὅταν μὲν ἐς oe ς , 4 ¢ Ἂς / > 4 ὅλον pevon, μέζων ὁ λοβὸς γενόμενος ἀμφοτέρων ἔψαυσε τῶν πλευρέων, καὶ περιπλευμονίην ἐποίησεν" ὅταν δὲ τῆς ἑτέρης μοῦνον, πλευρῖτιν. ἡ περιπλευ-
4 Ν 3 4 > 4 ἊΝ 5 ’ Ν μονίη πολὺ ἐπικινδυνοτέρη ἐστί, καὶ ὀδύναι πολὺ ἰσχυρότεραί εἰσιν αἱ ἐς τὰς λαπάρας καὶ ἐς τὰς
a Ν ε A Ν > , Ν Ν κληϊδας, καὶ ἡ γλῶσσα πολὺ ὠχροτέρη, καὶ τὴν φάρυγγα ἀλγέει ὑπὸ τοῦ ῥεύματος, καὶ κόπος ἔχει
50
PLACES IN MAN
medications that moisten, and provoke tears as energeti- cally as possible, in order that what is collected in the eyes and producing the disease will be washed away. If the eye has suffered a rupture, apply mild astringent medications in order that, being drawn together, the lesion will contract and the scar will be small. When an argema is present, it is good for the eye to weep.
14. When there is a flux to the chest and bile is pre- sent, this is revealed by the following. Pain is present in the flank and in the corresponding collar-bone; there is fever, the tongue becomes yellow-green on top, and clot- ted sputum is coughed up. This disease is dangerous on the seventh day, or on the ninth. [Another bile.] It is called pleurisy; if the symptoms are identical except that there is pain on both sides, it is pneumonia.
These arise in the following way. When there is a flux from the head through the windpipe and the bronchial tubes to the lung, the lung, being of loose texture and by nature dry, attracts any moisture that it can. When it has drawn this in, it swells, and when the flux is a complete one, the swollen lobe touches both sides and gives rise to pneumonia; when the lobe touches only one side, it pro- duces pleurisy. Pneumonia is much the more dangerous; the pains to the flanks and the collar-bones are much more violent, and the tongue much deeper yellow-green. There is pain in the throat as a result of the flux, great
1 Del. recentiores.
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306
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ANOPQIION
> / Ν ‘al ε lal a ε A 4 ἰσχυρός, καὶ πνεῦμα ἑκαταῖον ἢ ἑβδομαῖον λάζεται. A > ἊΝ ε a ε ‘ > aA > te τοῦτον ἣν μὴ ἑβδομαῖον ὁ πυρετὸς ἀφῇ, ἀποθνῇ- “Δ he >) a A σκει, ἢ ἀποπυΐσκεται,; ἢ ἀμφότερον: Hv δ᾽ ἐναταῖον 4 6 / ‘ 4 ε ᾿ς Ν Ν δύο ἡμέρας διαλιπὼν λάζηται, ὡς τὰ πολλὰ καὶ ΒΝ AY a3) ΄ ὋΝ ὃ iy Et δὲ ὃ οὗτος ἢ ἀποθνήσκει, ἢ ἔμπυος διαφεύγει: ἣν OE δω- a 3, ΄ Ἃ Ν δεκαταῖον ἔμπυος γίνεται: ἣν δὲ τεσσαρεσκαιδεκα- A » © ἊΝ ταῖον, ὑγιὴς γίνεται. καὶ ἔμπυοι ὅσοι ὑπὸ περιπλευ- >! / > povins ἢ πλευρίτιδος γίνονται, οὐκ ἀποθνήσκουσιν, ἀλλ᾽ ὑγιέες γίνονται. ΞΟ) Ν λλὰ » J, [4 ε A > Ν ς τὰ πολλὰ ἔμπυοι γίνονται, ὅταν ῥεῦμα ἐς τὸ > “ A A » αὐτὸ ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῇσι χολῇσι γένηται: ἀλλὰ τῇσι Ν A A A ’ὕ μὲν χολῇσι πολὺ ἀπορρεῖ, καὶ ἀπορρεῦσαν παύεται: τοῖσι δ᾽ ἐμπύοισιν ἔλασσόν τε ῥεῖ καὶ οὐ παύεται, Ny, ο 5, καὶ ἔμπυοι γίνονται, ὅταν ἔλασσον ἀποχρέμπτωνται a ἴω ᾽ὔ ἴω Ν A ἢ ἐπιρρεῖ ἐς TOV πλεύμονα. τοῦτο yap, TO ἐν τῷ 4 ἊΣ » πλεύμονι συνιστάμενόν τε καὶ ἐπιρρέον, πῦον γίνε- ται: τὸ δὲ πῦον συνιστάμενον ἐν τῷ πλεύμονι καὶ ἐν a , ε A Ν 4 Ν 5 Ν ¢ »“ > Ν τῷ κιθάρῳ ἑλκοῖ καὶ σήπει: καὶ ἐπὴν ἑλκωθῇ, ἀπὸ val A "4 o τοῦ ἡλκωμένου ἐπιρρεῖ: καὶ ἐπαναχρεμπτομένου ἅμα Ν « ‘\ a can / ΄ Ἂς > A μὲν ἡ κεφαλὴ μᾶλλον ῥεῖ σειομένη, ἅμα δὲ ἐκ TOU ε / > lal ΄ Ν | lal ΄ A ἡλκωμένου ἐν τῷ κιθάρῳ Kat | τῷ πλεύμονι μᾶλλον “ © / ‘4 pel, Kal τὰ ἕλκεα κινεύμενα ἐπαναρρήγνυται, ὥστε Ν 5 4 Ν 5 Ν A ἴα Ὁ ῸΣ ‘\ > > Kal εἰ παύσαιτο TO ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς ῥέον, TO ἀπ αὐτῶν τῶν ἑλκέων ἱκανὸν ἔσται νοῦσον παρασχεῖν. 4 Ν ~ > Ν “ my Ν ἘΣ “ «ες γίνεται δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ ἕλκους ἔμπυος, καὶ ῥᾷων αὕτη ἡ A Ν 5 ‘al , νοῦσος: γίνεται δὲ Kal ἐκτὸς TOU πλεύμονος μάλιστα
μὲν ἀπὸ ῥήγματος, καὶ ὅταν ἡ σὰρξ φλασθῇ: κατὰ
! Littré: -πνίγεται AV. 52
PLACES IN MAN
weariness is felt, and difficult breathing seizes the patient on the sixth or seventh day. If fever does not leave this patient on the seventh day, he dies, or suppurates, or both. If, after intermitting for two days, the fever attacks again on the ninth day, usually this patient, too, dies or, if he escapes with his life, has an internal suppuration. If there is fever on the twelfth day, the patient suppurates internally, if on the fourteenth day, he recovers. Those who suppurate internally as the result of pneumonia or pleurisy do not die, but recover.
Generally internal suppuration arises when a flux occurs to the same spot (i.e. the lung) as in the case of bil- ious fluxes; but whereas with bilious fluxes much flows away, and when it has flowed away the disease stops, in patients with internal suppuration less flows away and the disease does not stop, and the patients suppurate inter- nally when they cough up less fluid than is flowing to the lung. For what flows together and collects in the lung turns to pus, and this pus collected in the lung and the chest putrefies and causes ulceration; when such an ulcer- ation takes place, new fluid is added from the area that is ulcerated. As this is coughed up, the head, being shaken, increases its flow, and at the same time the flow from the ulcerated area in the chest and the lung increases, and the ulcers, being moved, are torn open again, so that even if the flux from the head were to stop, that from the ulcers alone would be sufficient to maintain the disease. A per- son can also suppurate internally as the result of an ulcer, and this disease is easier. Suppuration also occurs outside the lung, especially from a tear or when the tissue is
53
308
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
A A , , », τοῦτο γὰρ πῦον ξυνίσταται, καὶ ξυνιστάμενον, εἴ τις 4 ἊΝ A 4 Ν / 4 Ν σείοι τὸ σῶμα, κλυδάζεται, καὶ ψόφον παρέχει, καὶ καίονται ταύτῃ." , Ἂς , -“ 5 Ν 3 4 4 an Φθίσις δὲ γίνεται, ὅταν ἐς TO αὐτό, ὥσπερ τῷ > , ε εἰ ΄, ὃ Ν a , Ν A ἐμπύῳ, ὁ poos γένηται διὰ τοῦ βρόγχου καὶ τῶν ᾽ὔ a ᾿ς ὩΝ ἀορτρέων, αἱ ξυνέχουσι τὸν πλεύμονα καὶ τὸν ’ὔ 5 Ἂν ‘\ ’ cy: Ν ’ > , βρόγχον: és δὲ τὸν πλεύμονα ῥέῃ θαμινὰ κατ᾽ ὀλί- A , γον, Kal ὑγρότητα ἐν τῷ πλεύμονι μὴ ποιέῃ πολλήν" Ν / A ξηραινόμενον yap TO ἐπιρρέον ἐν τῷ βρόγχῳ πεπη- 4 “ 5 = 4 > Ν ’ > , 5 γός, ὥστε οὐκ ἐκκλυζόμενον, ἀλλὰ κατ᾽ ὀλίγον ἐπιρ- ρέον καὶ ἐνεχόμενον βῆχα ποιέει: ἔν τε τῇσιν ἀορ- τρῇσιν ἐνεχόμενον τὸ ῥέον, ὥστε στενὰς διατρήσιας , / A , ἐχούσας τὰς ἀορτράς, στενοχωρίην τῷ πνεύματι lal A », [2 παρέχει, καὶ τοῦτο ποιέει πνεῦμα ἔχειν: ὥστε γὰρ Ν A %\ wn αἰεὶ λειπόμενον αἰεὶ ἐπιθυμέει ἀναπνεῖν: καὶ ἐν τῷ ° A a / πλεύμονι, ὥστε οὐκ ἰσχυρῶς ὑγρῷ ἐόντι, ξυσμὸς > ΄ Ψ \ Ἂν ὁ ὅ5 A A A its ἐγγίνεται: ὅταν δὲ πολὺ ἀπορρυῇ τῆς κεφαλῆς, OUT > A , Ν , Ν Ἂν 5 A > ἐν τῷ πλεύμονι ξυσμὸς γίνεται: πολὺ yap αὐτῷ τὸ > » a ἂν , ἐπιρρέον ἐστί. καὶ ἔμπυοι ἐκ τῶν φθισίων τούτων γίνονται, ὅταν ὑγρότερον τὸ σῶμα γένηται: καὶ ὅταν ξηρότερον γένηται, ἐκ τῶν ἐμπύων φθισιῶντες. » A a "4 ἔμπυοι τῷδε δῆλοι γίνονται: τὴν λαπάρην ἀρχομέ- νων πόνος ἔχει: ἐπὴν δὲ πῦον ἤδη ξυνεστήκῃ, ὅ τε πόνος ὁμοίως ἔχει, βήξ τε γίνεται, καὶ ἐπαναχρέμ- A Ν A » >! πτεται πῦον, καὶ πνεῦμα | ἔχει. ἣν δὲ μήπω ἐρρώγῃ, 5 A /, ΄ Ν ΄ - > 5 A a Ν ἐν τῇ λαπάρῃ σείεται καὶ ψοφέει οἷον ἐν ἀσκῷ" ἢν δὲ
τούτων μηδὲν προσημήνῃ, ἔμπυος δὲ ἢ, τοισίδε χρὴ
| Ermerins: ταῦτα AV.
PLACES IN MAN
crushed, for pus collects at the spot; when there is a col- lection of pus, if someone shakes the patient's body, the pus splashes and makes a sound, and that is where they are cauterised.
Consumption arises when, just as in internal suppura- tion, a flux to the same spot (1.6. the lung) has occurred through the windpipe and the bronchial tubes, which connect the lung and the windpipe, and there is a contin- ual, small flux which does not produce any great amount of moisture in the lung; for what is flowing down gets dried up in the windpipe and congeals, so that it does not splash, but, flowing down a little at a time, is caught and provokes coughing. Now since the bronchial tubes have narrow channels, this flux, being caught in them, pro- duces narrowing of the airway, and this provokes difficult breathing, so that the patient, his breath continually fail- ing, continually desires to inspire. And since there is no great amount of moisture in the lung, irritation is felt; when, on the other hand, the flux from the head is great, there is no irritation in the lung, since the afflux to the lung is copious. Patients suppurate internally after these consumptions when the body becomes more moist; they become consumptive after internal suppuration when it becomes more dry. Internal suppuration is revealed by the following: at the beginning there is pain in the flank; then, after pus has already collected, with the pain contin- uing the same, coughing begins, pus is expectorated, and breathing becomes difficult. If the pus has not yet broken out of its cavity, if the patient is shaken it makes a sound in the flank as if in a wineskin. If none of these signs is present, but the patient is definitely suppurating inter-
55
ΠΕΡῚ TOMQN TON KATA ANOPOTION
/ lal Ν 5 / / c τεκμαίρεσθαι: πνεῦμα πολὺ ἔχει, φθέγγεταί TE ὑπο- βραγχότερον, καὶ οἱ πόδες οἰδέουσι καὶ τὰ γούνατα,
ἴων Ν xX Ν / > e Ἂς Lal Ε μᾶλλον δὲ κατὰ τὴν λαπάρην, ἐν ἣ τὸ πῦον ἔνεστι: καὶ 0 κίθαρος συγκεκαμμένος ἐστί, καὶ λυσιγυῖα
‘7 a ω aA Ν γίνεται, καὶ ἱδρὼς περιχεῖται ὅλον τὸ σῶμα, καὶ τοτὲ
ἊΝ / Ν > A c A ον Ἂς Ν μὲν δοκέει θερμὸς αὐτὸς ἑωυτῷ εἶναι, τοτὲ δὲ ψυχρός: καὶ οἱ ὄνυχες περιτεταμένοι εἰσὶ καὶ ἡ κοι-
Ν λίη θερμὴ γίνεται: τούτοισι χρὴ γινώσκειν τοὺς ἐμπύους. ° » a 15. Ὅταν δ᾽ ὄπισθεν pevorn ἐς τὴν ῥάχιν, φθίσις
/ ᾽ὔὕ 4 Ν 5 » 5 , Ν Ν γίνεται τούτῳ τοιάδε: τὴν ὀσφῦν ἀλγέει, καὶ τὰ ἔμπροσθεν τῆς κεφαλῆς κενὰ δοκέουσιν αὐτῷ εἶναι.
ra) » a 16. Χολῇ δὲ τάδ᾽ ἐστὶν ἐπικίνδυνα, ἴκτερος ἣν lal al ως wn ἐπιγένηται, ev τοῖσιν ὀφθαλμοῖσι Kat ἐν τοῖσιν ὄνυξι πελιδνὰ ὅταν γένωνται, καὶ ἐς τὸ σῶμα ὅταν 5», [4 Ν Ν Ἂς Ν “ Ν 3 ἊΝ ΞΒ ἔχῃ ἕλκεα καὶ τὰ περὶ τὰ ἕλκεα πελιδνὰ Ἢ Kau o ἱδρὼς ὁκόταν μὴ Kal’ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα ἐκθύῃ, ἀλλὰ aA lal ο A - καθ’ ἕν μέρος τοῦ σώματος, καὶ ὅταν τοῦ πυρετοῦ » » / » ,ὔ Ν ἔτι ὄντος ἐπαναχρέμπτηται χλωρόν, ἡ, ἐόντος ἐντὸς ἐν τῷ πλεύμονι ἔτι τοῦ χλωροῦ, ἡ ἐπανάχρεμψις A a o lal ο Ν παύσηται: τοῦτο δεῖ γινώσκειν ὅταν ἐνῇ καὶ ὅταν μὴ ἐνῇ: ὅταν ἐνῇ, ἐμψοφεῖ ἐν τῇ φάρυγγι ἀναπνέοντος, καὶ πνεῦμα ἐπικίνδυνον, καὶ λύγξ, καὶ ὁ πυρετὸς ἔτι » » ont ᾽ὔ ὦν, ἀποχρέμματος ἔτι ἐν τῷ πλεύμονι ἐνεόντος, καὶ ἡ κοιλίη ἀσθενέος ἤδη ἐόντος ὑποχωρέουσα: ταῦτα πλευρίτιδος καὶ περιπλευμονίης ἐπικίνδυνα. A a ν γα ν \ \ 17. Τ]λευρῖτιν ὧδε χρὴ ἰᾶσθαι: τὸν πυρετὸν μὴ A ~ nv παύειν ἑπτὰ ἡμερέων, πότῳ χρῆσθαι ἢ ὀξυμελι-
56
PLACES IN MAN
nally, you must form your judgement from the following: there is great difficulty of breathing, the patient’s voice is somewhat hoarser than normal, and his feet and knees swell, especially on the side where the pus is located; the chest is compressed, there is slackness of the limbs, sweat pours out over his whole body, and sometimes he feels warm, sometimes cold; the digits become clubbed, and his cavity is hot. These are the signs by which you must recognize that patients are suppurating internally.
15. When there is a flux posteriorly into the back, it produces a consumption of the following nature: the patient suffers pain in the loins, and he has the sensation that the front of his head is empty.
16. As far as bile goes, the following disorders are dan- gerous, if jaundice comes on: when there is lividness in the eyes and under the nails; when there are ulcers on the body, and the areas around the ulcers are livid; when sweat breaks out not over the whole body but in one part of it; when, with fever still present, yellow-green material is coughed up, or, with yellow-green material still present in the lung, expectoration stops. You must recognize when such material is present and when it is not: when it is present, a noise is heard in the throat when the patient breathes in, breathing is dangerously difficult, the patient hiccups, his fever persists, material that should be coughed up remains in his lung, and the cavity of the already weakened patient has a downward motion. These are the dangerous signs of pleurisy and pneumonia.
17. You must treat pleurisy thus. Do not check the fever for seven days. As drink give either oxymelicrat or
57
310
ΠΕΡῚ TOWQON TON KATA ANOPOTION
rs a », Ἂς “ lal Ν Ἂς x κρήτῳ, ἢ ὄξει καὶ ὕδατι: ταῦτα δὲ χρὴ προσφέρειν ὡς πλεῖστα, ὡς ἐπίτεγξις γένηται καὶ γινομένη | ἐπανάχρεμψιν ποιέῃ: καὶ τὴν ὀδύνην παύειν θερμαν-
4 lal ο τηρίοισι φαρμάκοισι, καὶ καταρροφεῖν διδόναι ὅ τι ἐπανάχρεμψιν ποιήσει, καὶ λουτροῖσι χρῆσθαι τεταρταίοισιν: τῇ δὲ πέμπτῃ καὶ τῇ ἕκτῃ χρίειν ἐλαίῳ: τῇ δὲ ἑβδόμῃ λούειν, ἣν μὴ ὁ πυρετὸς μέλλῃ > / τ ε ‘\ A ~ ε «ς Ἂς 5 lA Ν ἀφιέναι, ὡς ὑπὸ τοῦ λουτροῦ ὁ ἱδρὼς ἐγγένηται: καὶ ἔτι τῇ πέμπτῃ καὶ τῇ ἕκτῃ ἰσχυροτάτοισι χρῆσθαι τοῖσιν ἐπαναχρεμπτηρίοισι φαρμάκοις, ὡς τὴν ε 4 -“ Θ᾽ fee ε 4 > 4 vn X ‘\ lal ἑβδόμην ὅτι ῥήϊστα ἡμέρην ἀγάγῃ: ἣν δὲ μηδὲ τῇ ε “ Z I ἑβδόμῃ ἡμέρῃ παύσηται, τῇ ἐνάτῃ παύσεται, ἣν μή τι ἄλλο τῶν ἐπικινδύνων γένηται: ἐπὴν δὲ ὁ πυρετὸς 9 A ες / ες > ἣν 4 / ἀφῇ. ῥοφήματα ὡς ἀσθενέστατα ποιέων προσφέ-
a’ my 5 Ne ΄ Ey Ν ΕΣ Ad pew: ἣν δὲ ἰνηθμὸς ἐγγένηται, ἣν μὲν ἔτι θερμοῦ lal A A vn cal TOU σώματος ἐόντος, TOV ποτῶν ἀφαιρέειν: ἣν δὲ τοῦ πυρετοῦ ἀφεικότος, πυρίνοις τοῖσι ῥοφήμασι χρῶ. καὶ τὴν περιπλευμονίην τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ἰῶ. ’ὔ Ν
18. Τοὺς ἐμπύους καθαίρειν τὴν κεφαλὴν μὴ ἰσχυροῖσι φαρμάκοισιν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ μικρὸν ἀποτρέ- πειν ἐς τὰς ῥῖνας, καὶ ἅμα διαχωρητικοῖσι σιτίοισι χρῆσθαι: καὶ ἐπὴν ἡ ἀρχὴ τοῦ νοσήματος μηκέτι ἣ, » yee) ΄ ε εἰς > ΄ ΄ ἀλλ᾽ ἐκτρέπηται ὁ ῥόος, ἐπανάχρεμψιν ποιέεσθαι, καὶ βῆχα ποιέειν, καὶ ἐγχύτοισι φαρμάκοισι χρῆ-
Ἂν / [4 ς / ἐν 4 > ‘4 σθαι Kai σιτίοισιν ἅμα: ὁπόταν δὲ δέῃ ἀπόχρεμψιν ποιέεσθαι, καὶ πλέοσι σιτίοισι καὶ ἁλυκοῖσι χρῆ- σθαι καὶ λιπαροῖσι, καὶ οἴνῳ αὐστηρῷ, καὶ βῆχα
ποιέειν ὅταν ὧδε ἔχῃ.
58
PLACES IN MAN
vinegar and water; these you should administer in very generous amounts, in order that moistening occurs and leads to expectoration. Check the pain with warming medications. As gruel give what will promote expectora- tion. On the fourth day give baths, on the fifth and sixth days anoint with olive oil, and on the seventh day wash— unless the fever is about to remit—in order that through bathing sweating will be induced. Begin even on the fifth and sixth days to give powerful expectorant medications, in order that on the seventh day the patient will bring up his sputum as easily as possible. If the fever does not cease on the seventh day, it will do so on the ninth, unless some other danger intervenes. When the fever has remit- ted, prepare and give a very mild gruel. If purging occurs, should the body still be warm withhold drinks, but if fever is no longer present, give wheaten gruels. Also treat pneumonia in the same way.
18. In patients that suppurate internally, clean the head—not with powerful medications, but by turning away the flux a little at a time to the nostrils—and at the same time prescribe laxative foods. When the beginning of the disease has passed and the flux has turned outward, provoke expectoration and coughing, and at the same time infuse medications and give food. When you must provoke expectoration, give copious salty rich foods and dry wine, and stimulate coughing, when the case is as
described.
1 Froben: ἰνθμὸς A: vuypos V. 2 Littré: veapod AV.
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312
ΠΕΡῚ TOMQON TON KATA ANOPOTION
19. Kat τοὺς ὑπὸ τῆς φθίσιος τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον »Μ Ἂς Ἂς ΄ὔ΄ ἊΝ Ἂν -“ A x 2 ἣν τἄλλα, πλὴν τὰ σιτία μὴ πολλὰ ἅμα, καὶ τὰ ὄψα μὴ a A » A A ral πλέονα ἢ τὰ σιτία, Kai τῷ | οἴνῳ ὑδαρεῖ χρῶ ἐπὶ TO al A 12 σιτίῳ, ὡς μὴ θερμαίνῃ, καὶ τῷ σώματι ἀσθενεῖ ἐόντι θερμότητα παρέχῃ, καὶ ἅμα ἀμφότερα θερμαίνωσιν A lal ἂς 4 ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ χρόνῳ Kat θερμωλὴν ποιέωσιν. 20. Ῥεῦμα πολὺ ὁπόταν διὰ τοῦ οἰσοφάγου ἐς ἊΝ ΄ [- 4 5, 0 / 5, ’ “ τὴν κοιλίην ῥεύσῃ, ἴνησις γίνεται κάτω, ἔστι δ᾽ ὅτε καὶ ἄνω: τούτῳ ἣν μὲν ὀδύνη ἐνῇ ἐν τῇ γαστρί, ὑπ- “ ΕΝ A » “2 εξάγειν πρῶτον φαρμάκῳ ἢ χυλῷ, ἔπειτα φαρμάκῳ ἰσχητηρίῳ χρῆσθαι, τοῖσι δὲ σιτίοισι διαχωρητι- κοῖσιν ἕως ἂν ἡ ὀδύνη ἔχῃ: ἐπὴν δὲ παύσηται ἡ ὀδύνη, καὶ τοῖσι σιτίοισιν ἰσχητηρίοισι χρῆσθαι: Ν 3 \ Ν 4 Ἂν 5 Ν ἊΝ (s / ” τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον Kal ἐπὴν πολλὰς ἡμέρας ἴνησις 3, A ZY Ν i , ἔχῃ, ἰᾶσθαι: nv δὲ ἀσθενὴς ἢ καὶ μὴ δύνηται προσ- 4 ες Ν > ’ ’ ἴω Ἂς Ἂν φέρεσθαι ὑπὸ ἀσθενείης, κλύζειν πρῶτον μὲν χρὴ χυλῷ πτισάνης, ἔπειτα ἐπὴν τούτῳ καθήρῃς, τῶν στυφόντων τινί [ὕστερον ἐπὴν τοῦτο κλύσῃς].} ε ΄ 5 5 \ ΄ ” N \ 21. Ὁπόταν δ᾽ és τὴν σάρκα ὄπισθεν παρὰ τοὺς σπονδύλους ῥεῦσαν ὕδρωπα ποιήσῃ, ὧδε χρὴ ἰᾶσθαι: καίειν τὴν σάρκα τὴν ἐν τῷ τραχήλῳ μεταξὺ lanl A > 4 A Ἂς 5 Ἂς 4 τῶν φλεβῶν ἐσχάρας τρεῖς, καὶ ἐπὴν Kavons, ἕξυν- άγειν καὶ ποιέειν ὡς ἰσχνοτάτας οὐλάς: καὶ ἐπὴν > 4 Ν ‘\ tA 4 ’ ἀποφράξῃς, πρὸς τὰς ῥῖνας φάρμακον πρόσφερε, 3 47 ο an ὡς ἐκτρέπηται, καὶ ἀσθενὲς αὖθις Kai αὖθις, ἕως ἂν
ἀποτρεφθῇ: καὶ τὰ μὲν ἔμπροσθεν τῆς κεφαλῆς θέρ-
1 Del. Littré.
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PLACES IN MAN
19. Treat patients with consumption generally the same, except do not give large amounts of cereals at one time; let the quantity of main dishes not exceed that of the cereals; after the meal give wine well-diluted with water in order that it will not be warm and provoke heat- ing in the weakened body, and both of them together (i.e. the wine and the body) become warm at the same time and cause feverish heat.
20. When a massive flux passes through the oesopha- gus into the cavity, there is an evacuation downwards, and sometimes also upwards. If there is pain in the person's belly, first clean downwards with a medication or a juice, and then give an astringent medication and laxative foods for as long as the pain is present. When the pain stops, prescribe astringent foods as well. Treat in this same way even when the evacuation continues for many days; if the patient is weak and cannot take anything because of his weakness, you must first give him an enema of barley- water, and then, when you have purged with that, some astringent medication.
21. When a flux into the tissue at the back along the vertebrae produces dropsy, treat as follows. Burn three eschars in the tissue of the neck between its vessels, and after you have cauterized, draw the edges of the wound together and make them as flat as possible. Having thus blocked the flux’s passage, apply a medication to the nos- trils—a weak one administered repeatedly—in order that the flux will be turned in that direction, and continue until it turns aside; warm the front of the head and cool
61
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ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ANOPOTION
μαινε, τὰ δ᾽ ὄπισθεν ψῦχε: Kal ἐπήν σοι ἐκτεθερ- μασμένος ἢ τὰ ἔμπροσθεν τῆς κεφαλῆς, σιτία ἐσθί- ew τὰ φλεγματωδέστατα καὶ ἥκιστα | διαχωρητικά, e [Δ 4 A e ε ‘ © ὡς ὅτι μάλιστα διευρυνθῶσιν αἱ ῥοαὶ ai ἔμπροσθεν A A ” “ΩΝ τὴν > ΄ <3 / τῆς κεφαλῆς: ἔπειτα δ᾽ ἐπὴν ἀποφράξῃς Kal ἀποτρέ- Uns τὴν ἐπίρρυσιν, ἤν τι πρὶν ἢ εὐτρεπίζειν τὸ ae - 3, a X A a ῥεῦμα ἐς TO σῶμα ἔλθῃ, ὧδε χρὴ ἰᾶσθαι: ἣν μὲν a Ν ΩΝ ΄ > Ν > ἮΝ », μᾶλλον πρὸς τὸ δέρμα ἐκκεχωρηκὸς 7, τὰ ἔξωθεν ~ sy >” \ \ , ” \ πυριῶντα: ἣν δ᾽ ἔνδον πρὸς τὴν κοιλίην, ἔξωθεν δὲ Ν A > ΄ ΄ 1 fey ey eo) ΄ μὴ δῆλον ἢ, φάρμακον πιπίσκοντα- ἢν δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἀμφό- > , > , > ’ Ἂν Ν τερα, ἀμφοτέρων ἀφαιρέειν: ἐπιτηδεύειν δὲ χρὴ ἐγγυτάτην ἔξοδον ποιέειν, ἥν τε κάτω, HV τε ἄνω, HV ΝΜ “ lal , ΕΣ ᾽ν > τε ἄλλῃ ὅπη τοῦ σώματος ἔξοδοί εἰσιν. 22. Ὁπόταν ἰσχιὰς ἀπὸ ῥόου γένηται, σικύην Ν ΄ Neos δ΄ Ν Ἂς 4 χρὴ προσβάλλειν, καὶ ἕλκειν ἔξω, Kal μὴ κατακρού- ειν, καὶ ἔνδοθεν θερμαντήρια φάρμακα πιπίσκοντα ᾽, “ ΕΣ > Sao > Ν / διαθερμαίνειν, ὅπως ἔξοδος ἢ Kai ἔξω ἐς TO δέρμα ὑπὸ τῆς ἑλκύσιος τῆς σικύης, καὶ ἐντὸς πρὸς τὴν , «ες Ν a , e , Ν 5 A κοιλίην ὑπὸ τῆς θερμασίης: ὁπόταν yap ἀποφραχθῇ καὶ μὴ ἔχῃ ὅπη ὁδοιπορέῃ, ὁδοιπορέουσα ἐς τὰ ἄρθρα ῥέει ἐς τὸ ὑπεῖκον, καὶ ἰσχιάδα ποιέει. 23. Ἢ ὄπισθεν φθίσις: τούτῳ τὴν κεφαλὴν / > lal ΄ “ “Ἃ 3 ε καθαρτέον ἀσθενεῖ φαρμάκῳ, ἕως ἂν ἀποτρεφθῃ ὁ ῥόος, καὶ τῇ διαίτῃ ὥσπερ ἔμπροσθεν χρῶ, φάρμα- κον δὲ πίσον ἐλατήριον, καὶ κάτω γάλακτι κλύσον, ν »Κ ΄ 2A τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα πυρίῃσιν io. 94. Ὕδωρ ἐς τὸ ἐπίπλοον: ἐπὴν ὁ σπλὴν ὑπὸ πυρετοῦ μέγας γένηται, γίνεται δὲ ὅταν τὸ σῶμα
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PLACES IN MAN
the back of it. When you have succeeded in warming the front of the head, let the patient eat foods that are the most productive of phlegm and the least laxative, in order that the channels at the front of the head will dilate as much as possible. Then, after you have blocked the flux and turned it aside, if before being treated some of the flux had already gone to the body, you must treat as fol- lows. If the flux moved mainly outwards to the skin, apply vapour-baths externally; if it moved inside to the cavity, and is not evident from the outside, have the patient drink a medication. If the flux moved in both directions, remove it from both. You must take care to establish the exit as close to the source as possible, no matter whether you are employing the downward pathway, or the upward, or any of the other exits of the body.
22. When sciatica arises from a flux, you must apply a cupping instrument and draw off fluid without making any punctures. Warm the patient internally by having him drink warming medications, in order that there will be both an exit externally into the skin by the drawing of the cupping instrument, and an exit internally into the cavity brought about by heating. For when fluid is blocked up and has nowhere else to go, it goes into the joints, flowing in the direction of least resistance, and pro- duces sciatica.
23. Consumption in the back. in this patient, the head is to be cleaned out with a mild medication contin- ued until the flux is turned aside. Employ the same regi- men as in the case before, have the patient drink a diuretic medication, clean him downwards with an enema of milk, and for the rest treat him with vapour-baths.
24. Water entering the omentum. When the spleen is enlarged as the result of fever—this happens simultane-
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λεπτυνθῇ, τοῖσι yap αὐτοῖσιν 6 τε σπλὴν θάλλει Kat ἊΝ A / “ Ν ἊΝ A Ν εν ον e τὸ σῶμα φθίνει: ὅταν δὲ τὸ σῶμα λεπτὸν ἢ καὶ ὁ Ν ’ Ν Ν 5 ’ Ψ “ 4 σπλὴν θάλλῃ Kat τὸ ἐπίπλοον ἅμα τῷ σώματι λεπ- lal ἐπ ἈΝ a > Lal > / > ’ ΄ > A τυνθῇ, ἡ πιμελὴ ἣ ἐν τῷ ἐπιπλόῳ ἐστί, τήκεται" ἐπὴν δὲ ταῦτά τε κενὰ πιμελῆς γένηται καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἊΝ 4 > / 3 \ > / ε σπληνὸς θάλλοντος ἀπορρέῃ ἐς τὸ ἐπίπλοον, ὡς “2 ο » ἐγγύτατα ἐὸν τὸ ἐπίπλοον, ὥς TE τεύχεα ἔχον καὶ ταῦτα κενεά, ἐσδέχεται: καὶ ἐπὴν τὸ | νόσημα ἅπαξ A a ἐν τῷ σώματι γένηται, ἐς TO νοσέον τρέπεται, ἢν μή τις εὐτρεπίζῃ, ὡς καὶ τὸ εὐτρεπιζόμενον ἐπικίνδυνον. lal eo 355 ΄ὕ ΄ὔ ε 43. Ὁ “ τοῦτον ὧδε ἰᾶσθαι: φάρμακα πιπίσκειν ὑφ᾽ ὧν ὕδωρ , ἊΝ / Ἂς ν ’ὔ καθαίρεται, καὶ σιτία τὰ φλεγματωδέστατα διδόναι: * ¢ ε ἣν δὲ μηδ᾽ οὕτω ῥάων γένηται, καίειν ὡς λεπτότατα καὶ ὡς ἐπιπολαιότατα, ὅπως τὸ ὕδωρ ἴσχειν δύνῃ, πέριξ τοῦ ὀμφαλοῦ κύκλον, καὶ ἐς τὸν ὀμφαλὸν μή. καὶ ἀφιέναι ἑκάστης ἡμέρης. τῶν νοσημάτων ὅ τι et 5 ΄ ΄ ls ΄ ἂν ἐπικίνδυνον παραλάβῃς,2 ἐν τούτοισι παρακινδυ- νεύειν χρή: ἐπιτυχὼν μὲν γὰρ ὑγιᾶ ποιήσεις, ἀτυχή- 4 “ Ἂς Θ 4 , A 9 σας δέ, ὅπερ καὶ ws ἔμελλε γίνεσθαι, τοῦτ᾽ ἔπαθεν. 25. Παιδίῳ δὲ χρὴ ὕδρωπα ὧδε ἰᾶσθαι: τὰ οἰδέ- οντα καὶ ὕδατος ἔμπλεα ἐξοίγειν μαχαιρίῳ πυκνὰ καὶ σμικρὰ ἐξοίγοντα, ἐξοίγειν δ᾽ ἐν μέρει ἑκάστῳ τοῦ σώματος, καὶ πυρίῃσι χρῆσθαι, καὶ αἰεὶ τὸ ἐξοι- γόμενον χρίειν θερμαντηρίῳ φαρμάκῳ. A Ν JA IW 4 ΄ ε 26. Πλευρῖτις ξηρὴ ἄνευ ῥόου γίνεται ὅταν ὁ » 4 A ε Ν , >. / ε Ἂς πλεύμων λίην ξηρανθῇ ὑπὸ δίψης ἀναγκαίης: ὁ γὰρ 4 “ Ν - Ὁ δ > / A A πλεύμων, ἅτε ξηρὸς ἐών, ἐπήν τι μᾶλλον EnpavOy
' Linden after Foes in note 76: μίαν AV.
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PLACES IN MAN
ously with the body becoming lean, since the same pro- cess makes both the spleen swell and the body waste— when the body is lean and the spleen swells and the omentum wastes along with the body, then the fat that is in the omentum melts. When these parts have been emp- tied of fat, and there is a flux from the swollen spleen into the omentum, its neighbouring organ, the omentum, con- taining cavities and these being empty, accepts the flux. When the disease has once developed in the body, every- thing goes to the ailing part, unless someone takes up the treatment, for even cases that are treated are dangerous. Treat this patient as follows. Have him drink medications that will clean out water, and give foods that are the most productive of phlegm. If he does not improve even with this treatment, cauterize very lightly and superficially in order that the eschar will be able to hold the water— about the umbilicus in a circle, but not in the umbilicus itself—and draw this off each day. In any of the danger- ous diseases you take on, you must accept some degree of risk: for if you are lucky, you will make the patient well, but if you fail, he only suffers what was likely to have hap- pened anyway.
25. In a child you must treat dropsy as follows. Open the areas that are swollen and full of water by making numerous small incisions with a scalpel; make these openings in every part of the body. Administer vapour- baths, and anoint all the openings with a warming medi- cation.
26. Dry pleurisy without any flux arises when the lung dries out too much, as the result of an involuntary thirst. For when the lung, which is a dry part, becomes even
2 A: ἐπικινδυνότατόν ἐστιν V.
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ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ANOPOTION
τῆς φύσιος, ἰσχνὸς γίνεται, καὶ ἀκρατὴς γενόμενος, ν᾿ > \ \ Cia S ͵΄ ΄ A ΄ κλιθεὶς ἐς τὸ πλευρὸν ὑπ᾽ ἀκρασίης, ψαύει τοῦ πλεύ- ἊΝ lal ο ρου: καὶ ἐπὴν θίγῃ ὑγροῦ ἐόντος, ἅπτεται, καὶ πλευ- A 4 ΄ Ἂν Ἂς 5 4 4 > x Ν
ρῖτιν ποιέει: τότε δὲ καὶ ὀδύνη γίνεται ἐς τὸ πλευρὸν καὶ ἐς τὴν KANLOG, καὶ πυρετός, καὶ ἐπαναχρέμπτε- ται λευκόν. τοῦτον χρὴ πολλοῖσι πότοισιν ἰᾶσθαι,
Ν ’ Ν A > , 4 , ‘ καὶ λούειν, καὶ τῆς ὀδύνης φάρμακον διδόναι καὶ
2 ἊΝ > 4 A ey > e Ἂς ε 4 τάλλα τὰ ἀνάχρεμψιν ποιεῦντα" | οὗτος EV ETTA NME- ρῃσιν ὑγιὴς γίνεται, καὶ τὸ νόσημα ἀκίνδυνόν ἐστι, καὶ σιτία οὐ χρὴ διδόναι.
- ‘ ΩΝ “4 / 4 ‘al ""
27. Πυρετοὶ διὰ τόδε γίνονται, ὅταν τοῦ σώματος e 7 ε 4 > » ἊΝ ἃς ὑπερφλεγμήναντος αἱ σάρκες ἀνοιδήσωσιν, καὶ τὸ
, Ν ε Ν / 5 ’ὔ ᾿Ν φλέγμα καὶ ἡ χολὴ κατακλεισθέντα ἀτρεμίζωσι, καὶ μὴ ἀναψύχηται μηδὲν μήτ᾽ ἐξιὸν μήτε κινεύμενον, μήτ᾽ ἄλλου ὑπιόντος. ὁπόταν κόπος ἔχῃ καὶ πυρε-
ἊΝ ἊΝ ’ὔ’ 7 x A ΩΝ ΄ τὸς καὶ πλησμονή, λούειν χρὴ πολλῷ, καὶ χρίειν ε ἴω Ν a e 4 ε ec ’ὕ ὑγρῷ, καὶ θερμαίνειν ὡς μάλιστα, ὡς ἡ θερμωλή, > 4 A 4 ε Ἂς ἴων ε A - / ἀνοιχθέντος τοῦ σώματος, ὑπὸ τοῦ ἱδρῶτος ἐξέλθῃ: ἑξῆς δὲ ταῦτα ποιέειν καὶ τρεῖς καὶ τέσσαρες ἡμέ- ρας: καὶ ἣν μὴ παύηται, φάρμακον πίσαι χοληγόν,
Ν Ν 1 , Ν ΄ Ν ED A >
Kal «μὴ; ψύχειν TOV TUPETOV, πρὶν ἢ τεταρταῖος ἢ, ’ “ ΕΝ ὮΝ A at, 4 /
μηδ᾽ ἕως av τὸ σῶμα θάλλῃ, πιπίσκειν φάρμακον"
Ν 4 “ 2 εἰ μὴ σμικρον, WOTE συνοιδέοντος
οὐ γὰρ ἰνῶνται nr 4 3, ἊΣ x > Ἂς 3S 7 ‘\ > la τοῦ σώματος: ἐπὴν δὲ ἰσχνὸς ἢ, πιπίσκειν, καὶ ἰνή- ἴω , Ν 4 σεται. πυρετῷ σιτίον μὴ προσφέρειν, μηδὲ ῥοφήμα- 4 Ἂς “ ’ σιν ὑπεξάγειν, καὶ ποτὸν ὕδωρ θερμὸν καὶ μελίκρη- » ἋΣ ο “" τον καὶ ὄξος σὺν ὕδατι, ταῦτα δὲ πιπίσκειν ὡς
“ vn Ν Ἂς Ν > 4 Ἂν Ν. Ν πλεῖστα: ἣν γὰρ ψυχρὸν μὴ ἐσίῃ, τὸ ποτὸν θερμὸν
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drier than it naturally is, it withers, becomes weak, and, because of its weakness, leans against the side and comes into contact with it. When it touches the side, a moist part, it fastens itself to it and this produces pleurisy. Then pain invades the side and the collar-bone, there is fever, and white sputum is expectorated. Treat this patient with frequent drinks, wash him, give him a medication for the pain, and do the other things that promote expectoration. He recovers in seven days, and the disease is not danger- ous; you need not give foods.
27. Fevers arise in the following way: when from an excess of phlegm in the body the tissues swell up, when phlegm and bile are closed in and become immobile, and when nothing is cooled by going out, or by moving, or by anything else passing off. When there are weariness, fever and fullness, you must wash with copious water and anoint with oil, and warm as much as possible in order that, as the body is opened, the fever heat will make its exit with the sweat. Do this successively for three or four days. If the fever does not stop, have the patient drink a medication that draws bile. Do not cool the fever until the fourth day, nor give the patient a purgative medica- tion to drink as long as the body is swollen, for the evacua- tions will not be effective, except perhaps faintly, since the body is swollen up tight. After the swelling has gone down, give a medication to drink, and he will be evacu- ated. In a fever do not give cereal, nor evacuate down- wards with gruels; as drink give warm water, melicrat and vinegar with water, and have the patient drink generous amounts; for if no cold enters the body, the drink, being
! Littré. 2 A: κρίνονται V.
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ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ANOPOTION
ἐὸν καὶ μένον EK τοῦ σώματος τοῦ νοσέοντος adat- ΄ 4 4 BA hd 4 4 - ρέει, ἦν τε διουρήσῃ, ἤν τε διϊδρώσῃ: πάντη δὲ ἀνοιγόμενόν τε καὶ ἀναπνέον καὶ κινεύμενον τὸ nw 4 5 σῶμα συμφέρον πρήσσει. ἐπὴν δὲ ἰσχνὸν ὄντα / A “ > Ἂν Ἂν / ε Ἂς καίῃ, δῆλον ὅτι οὐ διὰ τὸ φλεγμαίνειν ὁ πυρετὸς 27 ‘\ nn a 4 / Ν ’ὔ ἔχει: καὶ ἣν μὴ παύηται, τρέφειν, καὶ φλεγμαίνειν , x SN ’ 4 / lal “ > ΙΝ ποιέειν: καὶ ἣν μηδ᾽ οὕτω ξυμφέρῃ, δῆλον ὅτι οὐκ ἡ isxvin! τὸν πυρετὸν παρέχει: τοῦτον χρὴ φάρμακον ty “Ἃ a 3, πίσαι, ὡς ὑπεξάγῃ, ὅπη ἂν μᾶλλον ὁ πυρετὸς ἔχῃ, 3, > 5, \ » > E>! nv T ἄνω, nv τε κάτω, ἣν | μὲν ἄνω, ἄνω, ἢν δὲ ΄ , QA ee a Ν 5 ΄ lal κάτω, κάτω. οὐδὲν δ᾽ ἧσσον δεῖ τοὺς ἀσθενέας TOV lal av A ἰσχυρῶν φαρμάκον πιπίσκειν, ἀλλ᾽ ὁμοίως ἢ μοῦνον οὕτω, τοῖσι μὲν ἰσχυροῖς ἰσχυρόν, τοῖσι δ᾽ ἀσθενέ- σιν ἀσθενές. τὰς δὲ πυρώσιας ποτοῖσι καὶ ῥοφήμα- σιν, ὥστε τὸν πυρετὸν ψυκτηρίῳ φαρμάκῳ ἐκλύειν, 4 a EA Ν 77 Ν > τὰ ‘\ καμμάρῳ ἢ ἄλλῳ τινὶ τοιούτῳ: καὶ ἐπὴν «μὴ» 4 » A “ a λύσῃς" τῷ ψυκτηρίῳ, θερμαντηρίοισι χρῶ ἑξῆς: > ἊΝ, Ἂν ἊΝ / 4 4 Lal ἐπὴν δὲ μὴ παύηται, ψυκτηρίοισι πάλιν χρῆσθαι. > a A , 28. Ἴκτερον ὧδε χρὴ ἰῆσθαι: ἐπὴν παραλάβῃς, τρέφε, καὶ λουτροῖσι καὶ πιαντηρίοισι καὶ ποτοῖσι ἂν / a A a 4 καὶ σιτίοισι καθυγραίνειν ἢ τρεῖς ἢ τέσσαρας ἡμέ- ρας: ἐπὴν δ᾽ ὑγρανθῇ τὸ σῶμα, καθαίρειν καὶ < ΄ Ν A ΄ > ΄ > ΄ ξηραίνειν τὸ σῶμα, λιπαρά τε ἐξαίφνης ἐξαρύσαι, πάντη προσφέρων φάρμακον 7 δυνατὸν ὑγρότητα 3 ων Ν Ν Ν Ν 4 > “A ἐξάγειν: πρὸς δὲ τὴν κεφαλὴν καθαρτηρίῳ ἀσθενεῖ:
Ν Ν Ἂ Ν Ἂς A 4 ~ και οὐρητικὰ πιπισκειν καὶ πρὸ τῶν σιτιῶὼῶν TOUTOV
Ἰ ἡ ἰσχνίη Potter: ἐχρῆν AV. 5 Littré: λύσης A: ναυτιῶτο V.
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PLACES IN MAN
warm and staying in place, will take something away from the ailing body, whether it passes off in the urine or as sweat, and the body, being opened, taking in breath and moving on every side, fares better. When the body is feverish without being swollen, clearly the fever is not being caused by swelling. If such a fever does not go away, feed the body and make it swell up with phlegm. If this does not help either, it is clear that thinness is not producing the fever. Have this patient drink a medication that will evacuate from the region that the fever is mainly occupying, whether that be the upper or the lower; i.e. if the fever is mainly in the upper region, give a medication to evacuate upwards, if mainly in the lower region, a med- ication to evacuate downwards. Weak patients need to drink a medication just as much as do strong ones, only whereas you give strong patients a strong medication, give weak patients a weak one. Relieve feverish condi- tions with drinks and gruels just as you relieve a fever with a cooling medication, employing aconite or some- thing else of the same kind. When you do not succeed in relieving it with the cooling medication, use in turn heat- ing ones. When that does not bring a stop, revert to cool- ing ones.
28. You must treat jaundice as follows. When you first take on the patient, build him up and moisten him thor- oughly for three or four days with baths, with substances that fatten, with drinks, and with foods. When the body has been moistened, clean and dry it, and all at once draw off its fullness by applying medication everywhere that moisture can be drawn out; for the head use a mild clean- ing medication, and have the patient drink diuretics. At
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ΠΕΡῚ TOHMQN TON KATA ANOPOTION
ἃ τὸν χρόνον, Ov! καθαίρεις τὴν τεταραγμένην ὑγρό- 4 τητα, κατάποτον δίδου, ws μὴ τρέφηται ἀπὸ τούτου
ο Ν la “ Ν | > ΄ Ν TO σωμα' OTAV de ἰισχναινήται, και λου-
τοῦ ὑγροῦ A 4 A \ 4 Lal 5 4 ἣν (740 τροῖσι κάθαιρε: τοῦ δὲ σικύου τοῦ ἀγρίου THY pilav ᾽’ 5 οι 5 4 5 Ἂς Τὰ a ‘\ κόψας, ἐς ὕδωρ ἐμβαλών, ἀπὸ τούτου hove: χοληγὰ δὲ φάρμακα μὴ πίπισκε, ὡς μὴ ταράσσῃ μᾶλλον τὸ σῶμα τοῦτον: ἐπὴν δὲ. ξηρὸν ἢ τὸ τεταραγμένον, 4 Ἂν ε A 4 Ἂν τρέφε, μηδενὶ ὑποχωρητικῷ φαρμάκῳ, μηδὲ διουρη- A > 9 ΦΎΣΤΑ ν Ψ > ΄ ΄ τικῷ, ἀλλ᾽ οἴνῳ οἰνώδει καὶ ἅσσα ἐρυθρότερον ποιέει \ +” ΄ 1 \ \ 5 ΄ τὸν ἄνθρωπον, τούτοισιν: ἢν δὲ χλωρὸς ἢ, πάλιν 5 7 vf Δ. 4 ε Ἂς A Ν ἐξαρύσαι, ξηραίνειν δὲ μηδαμά, ὡς μὴ παγῇ χλωρὸς ἐών. 29. Θηρίον ἐπέρχεται ἐπὶ τὸ σῶμα διὰ τόδε: ἐπὴν 7 ε Ἂν ε 7ι ἊΝ « Ἂς / φλεγμήνῃ ἡ σὰρξ ἡ πέριξ, καὶ οἱ κρημνοὶ μεγάλοι ἔωσι τοῦ ἕλκεος, καὶ τὸ ἕλκος ὑγρόν, καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἕλκεος ἐξηρασμένος ἐπῇ ἰχώρ, ἢ τὸ ἕλκος συμπεπη- Ων ΕΝ A ¢ yos ἢ ἢ ξυνσεσηπός, ὁ ἰχὼρ ὁ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἕλκεος ἀπορρέων κωλύεται ἔξω χωρέειν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐπιπεπηγό- 5 Ν laa Ν, Ἂς 4 τ \ Ἂς ¢ τος ἐπὶ TOU ἕλκεος πρὸς τὴν σάρκα: ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ὑπο- δέχεται, ὥστε μετέωρός γ᾽ ἐοῦσα αὐτὴ ὑπὸ φλεγμα- σίης, καὶ ὅταν ἀφίκηται ὁ ἰχὼρ ὑπορρέων, σήπει καὶ μετεωρίζει. τοῦτον φαρμάκοισιν ὑγραίνουσιν" αὐτὸ τὸ ἕλκος χρίειν, ὡς ὑγραινομένου ἔξω τὸ ῥεῦμα ῥέῃ ἐκ τοῦ ἕλκεος, καὶ μὴ ὑπὸ τὴν σάρκα, καὶ τὰ κατάρροα τοῦ ἕλκεος ψύχουσι φαρμάκοισιν, ὡς χει- μιοῦσα συμπιλῆται ἡ σὰρξ καὶ μὴ διαρραγεῖσα
! Littré: om. A: ἣν V. 2 Potter: χρόνου AV. 3 Joly: -vovras AV.
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this period, when you are cleaning out the disordered moisture, give a pill before meals in order that the body will not take up nourishment from the moist part. When the moisture has been removed, clean with baths, too: pound root of squirting cucumber, put it in water, and wash with this. Do not have the person drink medications that drive off bile, lest these disturb his body even more. When what was stirred up by the moisture has become dry, build the person up without employing either a laxa- tive medication or diuretic, but give him strong wine and substances that promote ruddiness. If he appears yellow- green, draw off fluid again, but be careful not to dry him even a little, lest he become fixed in the yellow-green state.
29. A malignant ulcer assails the body because of the following: when the tissue around the ulcer swells up and its edges are enlarged, and the ulcer is moist, and on the ulcer there is serum that has dried up, or the ulcer is clot- ted together or putrefied into a mass, the serum flowing out of the ulcer is prevented from moving outwards by the material clotted on top of the ulcer against the tissue. The tissue, being raised up in its phlegmasia, receives the serum, and when it flows under the tissue, the tissue sup- purates and becomes raised. In this patient anoint the ulcer itself with moistening medications in order that, the ulcer being moistened, the flux will move outward from the ulcer and not under the tissue, and anoint the suffu- sion of the ulcer with cooling medications in order that, being chilled, the tissue will felt together rather than be
torn apart and provoke a counter-fluxion. Generally,
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γη
4
ΠΕΡῚ TOMOQN TON KATA ANOPOTION
> ΄ Ν », NAG? 4 , ἀντεπιρρέῃ: καὶ τἄλλα δὲ ἕλκεα ψύχουσι περιχρίειν, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτὰ τὰ ὑγραίνοντα ἐπιτιθέναι. ΄ OPN “ ΄ “ \ a 30. Κύναγχος ἀπὸ αἵματος γίνεται, ὅταν TO αἷμα a NG a ὮΝ a > A ΄ , 1 παγῇ τὸ ἐν τῇσι φλεψὶ τῇσιν ἐν τῷ τραχήλῳ: τούτῳ 5 Ν lol > A ΄ὕ A eo > , ἀπὸ TOV ἐν τοῖσι γυίοισι φλεβῶν αἷμα ἀφαιρέειν, Ν “ ’ “ , καὶ ἅμα κάτω ὑπεξάγειν, WS TO τὴν νοῦσον παρέχον τοῦτο κατασπασθῇ: καὶ γλῶσσαν, ὁπόταν ἕλκεα » , ἔχῃ μεγάλα, ὡσαύτως εὐτρεπιστέον. \ ΄ \ fy ext ee) A 55 “ 31. Τὰ νοσήματα χρὴ ἀπ᾽ ἀρχῆς ἰᾶσθαι: ὅσα A / ἴω μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ῥόων γίνεται, τοὺς ῥόους παύειν πρῶ- “ eS) οὐ ἐν ΄ N > N A ΄ τον: ὅσα δ᾽ am’ ἄλλου, παύειν τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ νοσή- 3, “Ἃ ματος, καὶ εὐτρεπίζειν: ἔπειτα τὸ συνερρυηκός, ἣν Ν Ν “3. > 4 a Ν > / lal μὲν πολὺ ἢ, ἐξάγειν: ἣν δὲ ὀλίγον, διαιτῶν καθι- στάναι. We “ \ £ 32. Κεφαλῆς κατάγματα: ἢν μὲν" τὸ ὀστέον “Ὁ ἊΝ a > / Ἂν + ral \ καταγῇ Kat ξυντριβῇ, ἀκίνδυνον: Kat ἰᾶσθαι χρὴ aA a lal τοῦτον ὑγραίνουσι φαρμάκοισιν: ἢν δὲ ῥαγῇ καὶ ᾽ὔ A ῥωγμὴ ἐγγένηται, ἐπικίνδυνον: τοῦτον πρίειν, ὡς Ν Lal μὴ κατὰ τὴν ῥωγμὴν τοῦ ὀστέου ἰχὼρ ῥέων τὴν μήνιγγα σήπῃ: ὥστε γὰρ κατὰ στενὸν ἐσιὼν μέν, > Ἂς ΩΝ + Si Ν , 4 Ἂς ” ἐξιὼν δὲ ov, λυπέει καὶ μαίνεσθαι ποιέει TOV ἄνθρω- A 5» 3 A A ‘ Tov" τοῦτον χρὴ πρίειν, ws ἔξοδος ἢ τῷ ἰχῶρι, μὴ μοῦνον ἔσοδος, εὐρέως διαπρισθέντος, καὶ φαρμά- κοισι χρῆσθαι, ἅσσα ἐφ᾽ ἑωυτὰ τὸ ὑγρὸν ἕλκουσι,
Ἂν / καὶ λούειν.
! Linden: τούτων AV. 2V: μὴ A.
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you must anoint the area around ulcers with cooling agents and on the ulcers themselves apply moistening substances.
30. Angina arises from blood, when the blood in the vessels of the neck congeals. In this patient let blood from the vessels of the limbs; at the same time, purge below in order that what is producing the disease will be drawn downwards. The tongue, too, when it has large ulcers, is to be treated likewise.
31. Diseases must be treated from their origin.? In those that arise from fluxes, first stop the fluxes; in those that arise from something else, stop the source of the dis- ease and turn it to the better. Then, if what has flowed together is copious, evacuate it, if it is little, restore the patient by means of regimen.
32. Fractures in the head: if the bone is fractured and shatters, this is not dangerous:? you must heal such a patient with moistening medications. But if the bone fractures and a cleft arises, this is dangerous. Trephine the patient in order that the serum flowing down through the cleft in the bone does not make the membrane suppu- rate, for inasmuch as it enters through a narrow space and does not come out again, it produces pain and makes the patient delirious. You must trephine this patient, in order that there will be a way out for the serum—not just a way in—by sawing open a wide space. Apply medications that attract moisture, and bathe.
4 See chapter | above.
b See Wounds in the Head 17 for the same view: “where the bones are broken in with many and rather wide fractures they are still less dangerous, and are more readily removed.”
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ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ANOPOTION
33. Πυρεταίνοντι κεφαλὴν μὴ κάθαιρε, ὡς μὴ ΄ὔ΄ , AS Ν Ἂς Ἂς , μαίνηται: θερμαίνουσι yap τὰ τὴν κεφαλὴν καθαί- ροντα φάρμακα: πρὸς δὴ τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ πυρετοῦ θερμὸν τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ φαρμάκου προσελθὸν μανίην ποιέει. θανάσιμα τρώματα: ἐφ᾽ ᾧ ἂν τινι κακῶς ἔχοντι χολὴν μέλαιναν ἀπεμέσῃ, ἀποθνήσκει ὁ τὸ τρῶμα ἊΝ lal a a > ἔχων. καὶ ὑπὸ ἰνηθμοῦ. ὃς ἂν ἐχόμενος καὶ ἔχων 5 / Ν Ν 28 > 4 Ν 4 ἀσθενέως καὶ λεπτὸς ἐὼν ἐξαπίνης ξηρὸν καθίζῃ, 5 4 > ων ε Ν cal > Pa ε 4 ἀποθνήσκει. ἐπὴν ὑπὸ θερμωλῆς ἐχομένῳ ἑλκύδρια 5 ΄ὔ > lal 37 / / > la ἐκθύωσιν ἀσθενεῖ ἐόντι πέριξ πελιδνά, ἀποθνήσκει. ἐπὴν ὑπό τινος νοσήματος ἐχομένῳ ἀσθενεῖ ἤδη 37 Ν 5 ΤᾺ 4 5 Ἄν 4 ’ ἐόντι πελιδνὰ ἐκθύῃ, θανάσιμον. ἐπὴν φάρμακόν τις πιὼν ὑπέρινος ἢ' καὶ κάτω καὶ ἄνω ὑπεκχωρέῃ, οἶνον καταρροφεῖν τὸ μὲν πρῶτον κεκρημένον, » » Ν | ΄ \ ΄ ΄ ἔπειτα ἄκρητον θαμινὰ διϊδόναι, καὶ παύεται. φάρ- δὲ SIF > A J > va 2 Ν δ᾽ μακον δὲ μήτ᾽ ἰνηθμῷ μήτ᾽ ἐμετήριον,Σ χολὴ δ᾽, lal a Xn ϑι ἐπὴν αὐτομάτη ῥαγῇ ἢ κάτω ἢ ἄνω, χαλεπωτέρα παύειν: ἡ γὰρ αὐτομάτη ὑπὸ βίης γινομένης τῷ ΄ κ “᾿ ig) eS ΄ ε΄ > crak σώματι βιᾶται: ἣν δ᾽ ὑπὸ φαρμάκου ῥέῃ, οὐχ ὑπὸ συγγενέος βιᾶται. ἐπὴν παραλάβῃς ἰνώμενόν τε καὶ ἐμεῦντα, μὴ παύειν τὸν ἔμετον: ὁ γὰρ ἔμετος τὸν
“ 4 3 VOTEPOV TAVO ALTO
> Ν 4 es Ν 4 ΕΝ ἰνηθμὸν παύει: ῥάων δὲ ὁ ἔμετος " a ed ἣν Re ΡΥ ΄ “ ΄ av: ἣν δ᾽ ἀσθενὴς ἢ ὁ ταῦτα πάσχων, ὕπνου φάρμα- κον ἐμετηρίσας διδόναι. τὸ μὲν αἷμα ὁπόταν νοῦσον 4 > 4 4 XN \ / 4 ε Ν ποιέῃ, ὀδύνην παρέχει, τὸ δὲ φλέγμα βάρος, ὡς τὰ πολλά.
- ΄ a \ 33: 7 , ΄ 34, Τῶν νοσημάτων ὧν μὴ ἐπίστηταί τις, φάρ-
! A: ὑπερνοσῆ Ν. 74
PLACES IN MAN
33. In a patient with fever do not clean the head, lest he become delirious, for medications that clean the head warm, and when the heat coming from the medication is added to that coming from the fever, it produces delir- ium. Mortal wounds: if it is any kind of a severe one and besides the wounded person vomits dark bile, he dies. Anyone who suffers an evacuation, is weak and thin, and then suddenly becomes dry, dies. When in a patient with fever heat small ulcers livid all around break out when he is in a weakened state, he dies. When, in a patient with some disease who is already weak, livid spots break out, this is a fatal sign. When, on drinking a medication, someone is cleaned violently and evacuates both down- wards and upwards, first let him drink wine mixed with water, and then regularly give him undiluted wine; the evacuation will stop. When bile breaks out spontaneously either downwards or upwards without a purgative or emetic medication, it is more difficult to stop; for what is spontaneous is driven by a force originating in the body, whereas what flows as the result of a medication is not driven by an inherent force. When you take on a person evacuating downwards and also vomiting, do not stop his vomiting, for vomiting stops downward evacuation, and the vomiting will stop more easily later. If the person suf- fering these things is weak, give him a sleep-producing medication after the emesis. Blood, when it provokes dis- ease, produces pain, whereas phlegm produces heaviness in most cases.
34. In diseases that you do not know, have the patient
2 AV. Littré comments: “La construction est embarrassée: mais le sens est clair.” Joly adds πιόντος. 3 V: πυρετὸς A.
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ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
\ μακον πίσαι μὴ ἰσχυρόν: nv δὲ ῥᾷάων γένηται, δέδεικται ὁδός, εὐτρεπιστέον ἐστὶν ἰσχνήναντα" ἢν Ν Ν [χὰ > > Ἂς 7, »᾿ > , a δὲ μὴ ῥάων ἢ, ἀλλὰ χαλεπώτερον ἔχῃ, τἀναντία. HV
Ν 5 “" / / 4 Ν
μὴ ἰσχναίνειν ξυμφέρῃ, φλεγμαίνειν συνοίσει καὶ lal 7 θαμινὰ μεταλλάσσειν, ταύτῃ TH γνώμῃ χρώμενος. τῶν δὲ νοσημάτων ἦν τι,͵ ἰσχύοντος μὲν τοῦ ἀλγέ- οντος, παραλάζηται, τοῦ δὲ νοσήματος ἀσθενέος, ἐνταῦθα μὲν ἰσχυροτέρῳ θαρσεῦντα τῷ φαρμάκῳ τοῦ νοσήματος χρῆσθαι, ὥστε καὶ ἦν τι τοῦ ὑγιαί- 3 ἊΝ A vovTos ἢ ἀπάγειν σὺν τῷ ἀσθενέοντι, οὐδεμία
/ > / 5 Ν ἣν Ἂν ἊΝ / > /
βλάβη ἐστίν: ἐπὴν δὲ τὸ μὲν νόσημα ἰσχυρότερον, ‘\ ον ᾽’ 5 ΄ 4 > 7 ἴω τὸν δὲ νοσέοντα ἀσθενέα λάβῃς, ἀσθενέσι τοῖσι φαρμάκοισιν εὐτρεπίζειν, ἅσσα αὐτοῦ τοῦ νοσήμα- τος περιέσονται καὶ ἀπάξουσιν, ἀσθενέστερον δὲ μηδὲν ποιήσουσι τὸν ἀλγέοντα.
‘\ Ν ἊΝ 5 Ἂν e ’ 4
35. Γυμναστικὴ δὲ καὶ ἰητρικὴ ὑπεναντία πέφυ- κεν, ἡ μὲν γὰρ γυμναστικὴ οὐ δεῖται μεταλλαγὰς ποιέειν, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ ἰητρική: τῷ μὲν | γὰρ ὑγιαίνοντι οὐκ ἀρήγει ἐκ τοῦ παρεόντος μεταλλάσσειν, τῷ δὲ ἀλγέοντι.
386. Τῶν δὲ νοσημάτων ἅσσα μὲν ἕλκεα ἐόντα ὑπερέχοντα τοῦ ἄλλου σώματός εἰσιν, ἅμα τοῖσι φαρμάκοισι καὶ λιμῷ χρὴ ἰῆσθαι.
ε A ε »”
37. Ῥόου ξυμφέρον ἐκ κεφαλῆς ῥέοντος, ἔμετος.
38. Τὰ παλαιὰ νοσήματα χαλεπώτερον ἰᾶσθαι τῶν νέων: ἀλλὰ νοσήματα τὰ παλαιὰ νέα πρῶτον
/ “ 4 > , Ν ποιέειν: ἕλκος πεπωρωμένον, ἐκβάλλοντα τὸ σκλη- ρὸν σηπτηρίῳ φαρμάκῳ, ἔπειτα συνάγειν. τῶν
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drink a purgative medication that is not too strong. If he improves, the path is revealed: treatment is to be the removal of moisture. If the patient does not improve, but gets worse, treatment is to be the opposite: if the removal of moisture does not benefit, it will be of help to promote phlegm, and to vary the treatment frequently, with the same purpose. If some disease attacks a person, and the person is strong but the disease is weak, you may confi- dently employ a purgative medication stronger than the disease, since if anything of what is healthy happens to get carried off with what is diseased, no damage will result. However, when you take on a case where the disease is stronger but the patient is weak, you must treat with mild medications that will overcome the disease and get rid of it, but in no way weaken the patient.
35. Gymnastics and medicine are by nature opposites, for gymnastics is not intended to bring about any changes, whereas medicine must, since the healthy person is not benefited by changes from his present state, but the ill one is.
36. Diseases involving ulcers that cover the rest of the body you must treat simultaneously with purgative medi- cations and a fasting regimen.
37. Vomiting is beneficial for a flux flowing from the head.
38. Old diseases are more difficult to treat than new ones; therefore you must first make old diseases into new ones. When a wound has become hardened, remove the hard part with a putrefactive medication, and then draw it
1 Joly: τις AV.
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ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ ΤΩΝ KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
ο δ lal φαρμάκων ὅσα φλεγμαίνειν ποιέει μάλιστα, ταῦτα συνάγουσι τὰ καθαρά: τὰ δ᾽ ἰσχναίνοντα, ταῦτα δὲ
΄ vn A καθαίρουσιν. ἣν δέ τις συνάγῃ τὰ μήπω ὡραῖα , la GM τὰ © 5, ἐόντα, τὸ νοσέον τρέφει σῶμα ὃ ἂν ἕλκος ἔχῃ: καὶ “Δ Ν 4 , Ἂς “ Ν 5 lal ἣν μὲν συνάγειν δέῃ TO ἕλκος Kal ἐμπλῆσαι, φλεγ- a > 4 Ἂν “Δ 5 ial / , μαίνειν apnye, καὶ nv ev κεφαλῇ σάρκα βούλῃ: > ΄ 1 Ν ε Ν ε Ν aA ΄ > f eravadhepopern! yap ἡ σὰρξ ὑπὸ τῶν σιτίων ὠθέει ὮΝ A cal Ey τὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ φαρμάκου σηπομένην Kal ξυμμαχεῖ: HV δὲ μετέωρον ἢ λίην, ἰσχναίνειν τοῖσι σιτίοισι." 39. Τοὺς ἀνιωμένους καὶ νοσέοντας καὶ ἀπάγχε- ᾽7ὔ fA es we / σθαι βουλομένους, pavdpayopou pilav πρωὶ πιπί- 3, A e σκειν ἔλασσον ἢ ws μαίνεσθαι. σπασμὸν ὧδε χρὴ ἰᾶσθαι: πῦρ παρακαίειν ἑκατέρωθεν τῆς κλίνης, καὶ > ED μανδραγόρου pilav πιπίσκειν ἔλασσον ἢ ws μαίνε- ’ὔ σθαι, καὶ πρὸς τοὺς τένοντας τοὺς ὀπισθίους σακκία a 3 προστιθέναι θερμά. ἀπὸ σπασμοῦ πυρετὸς HV ἐπι- 3 al / a A λάβῃ, παύεται αὐθημερὸν ἢ τῇ ὑστεραίῃ ἢ τῇ τρίτῃ | ἡμέρῃ. ἀπὸ ῥήγματος πυρετὸς οὐ λάζεται πλεῖον \ A \ / 7 ἢ τρεῖς ἢ τέσσαρας ἡμέρας: ἣν δὲ λάζηται, οἰόμενος Spent OR ” Sos acy \ ΄ " ἀπὸ ῥήγματος ἔχειν, am’ ἄλλου τινὸς λάζοιτο ἄν, ε a καὶ οὐ χρὴ WS ἂν ἀπὸ ῥήγματος εὐτρεπίζειν. ὁπό- Ey > Ν ταν ἄνθρωπος συντεταμένος ἢ τοὺς πόδας καὶ τὰς χεῖρας, μανίην ἑωυτῷ ποιέει. a ς “ 40. Φλέβα δὲ ὧδε χρὴ καίειν ἐπιτήδειαν," ὥστε ‘ ΄ A oN \ 4 / 3 “Ἃ a TO νοσὴημα ὁ ἂν και 7) νοσέων <. ..>° NV κεκαυμε-
νος ἢ ὥνθρωπος, ῥέῃ δέ τι τοῦ αἵματος, ὡς μὴ ἐπι- Ἷ ῥέῃ μ μ
! A: ἐπανατρεφομ- V.
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together. Medications that provoke the greatest swelling draw together what is clean; those that remove moisture, clean. If you draw together what has not yet become mature, you nourish the ailing body that has a wound. If it is necessary to draw the wound together and to fill it full, it helps to provoke swelling, even if you wish to pro- mote tissue in the head. For the tissue, being restored by the food, thrusts off what has been putrefied by the medi- cation, and acts as an ally. If the wound is excessively thick, remove its moisture by means of foods.
39. To those who are troubled and ill and want to hang themselves give mandrake root to drink early in the morning, an amount less than would make them deliri- ous. A convulsion must be treated as follows. Keep fires lighted on each side of the bed, and have the patient drink mandrake root to an amount less than would make him delirious; to the posterior tendons apply warm poul- tices. If a fever comes on in consequence of a convulsion, the convulsion stops on the same day, on the next day, or on the third day. Fever arising from a tear does not last for more than three or four days; if a fever does last, although it may be held to be from a tear, in fact it is from something else, and you must not treat it as if it were from a tear. When a person is suffering spasms in his legs and arms, he becomes delirious.
40. You must cauterize the appropriate vessel as fol- lows, so that the disease, wherever it is present ... If, when a person has been cauterized, some haemorrhaging
2 Potter: -δειον AV. 3 Ermerins conj. lacun.
“9
332
ΠΕΡῚ ΤΌΠΩΝ TON KATA ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΝ
κίνδυνον ἢ τοῦτο αὐτῷ, ἀμφότερα ταῦτ᾽ ἐστὶ ποιέειν" a A - Ὁ ἣν διακαύσῃς ταύτῃ ἐν τῷ πόνῳ οὗ εἵνεκα ἐκαίετο, , Ν lal zs Ν lal ov ξυμφύεται, ὠφέλησε δὲ τῷ ῥόῳ: ἣν yap διακαῇ, Sr ἴω Ν > ov ῥέει: ἐπὴν yap διακαῇ, TO ἄκρον ἑκάτερον ava- 4 ἴων ἂς a / Ν 4 E> ΄ τρέχει τῆς φλεβὸς ἣ διεκάη, καὶ συναυαίνεται: ἣν δέ <ri>! καταλελειμμένον ἢ, ὑπὸ τοῦ καταλελειμμένου, A ε Fac “Ἀ Ν e διαρρέοντος τοῦ αἵματος," ὑγραίνεται: jv δὲ αἷμα e7 > Zz / > / a“ Ἂς “οἷ ῥέῃ ἐκ φλεβός, διακαίειν ἐπικαρσίην: ἣν δὲ μὴ 4 lal » Ν παύηται πρὸς ταῦτα, ἄνω καὶ κάτω ἑκατέρωθεν δια- ’ὔ’ ες a: an Ν e Lays 7 τάμνειν, ws ἀποτρεφθῇ τὸ αἷμα ῥέον: διαλελαμμέ- Ν Ἂ ea 4 an Ἂς > ἣν > ᾽ὔ νον γὰρ φαρμάκῳ ῥᾷον παύειν ἢ τὸ ἀθρόον. ὀδύνης A A «“ Ν A ral ἐν κεφαλῇ τοῦ αἵματος ἀφαιρέειν ἀπὸ τῶν φλεβῶν: BS \ ἈΝ ΄ > Ν ΄ 5 ΄ \ ἣν δὲ μὴ παύηται, ἀλλὰ πολυχρόνιον ἢ, διάκαιε TAS / EY / φλέβας, Kat ὑγιὴς γίνεται: Hv δὲ τὴν κεφαλὴν καθή- lal / pys, μᾶλλον πονέεις. “ Ων 41. Ἰητρικὴν οὐ δυνατόν ἐστι ταχὺ μαθεῖν διὰ / ΄ 5 , , > ’ > > A τόδε, OTL ἀδύνατόν ἐστι καθεστηκός TL ἐν αὐτῇ 4 / e ε ἊΝ ΄ὔ΄ “ “4 σόφισμα γενέσθαι, οἷον ὁ TO γράφειν Eva τρόπον Δ μαθὼν ὃν διδάσκουσι, πάντα ἐπίσταται" καὶ οἱ ἐπι- Ν , ο στάμενοι πάντες ὁμοίως διὰ τόδε, ὅτι τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ “ A a ὁμοίως ποιεύμενον νῦν TE καὶ OV νῦν οὐκ ἂν TO UTE- ΄ ΄ 5 , SEN > ΄ | “ ΄ > vavtiov γένοιτο, ἀλλ᾽ αἰεὶ ἐνδυκέως | ὅμοιόν ἐστι, καὶ οὐ δεῖ καιροῦ. ἡ δὲ ἰητρικὴ νῦν τε καὶ αὐτίκα οὐ > 4 TO αὐτὸ ποιέει, καὶ πρὸς TOV αὐτὸν ὑπεναντία ποιέει, καὶ ταῦτα ὑπεναντία σφίσιν ἑωυτοῖσιν: πρῶτον ὑπεκ-
᾽7ὕ ‘\ / χώρησιν κοιλίης τὰ ὑπεκχωρητικὰ οὐκ αἰεὶ ποιέ-
! Joly. 2 A: ῥεύματος V.
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occurs, in order that this will not be dangerous for him, both these things are to be done. (If you burn a vessel through at the point of the pain for which you have cau- terized, it does not grow together, but you have helped the flux; for if the vessel is burnt through, there is no haemorrhage, since when that is done each end of the vessel that was burnt through retracts and dries together. But if anything is left behind,* the wound is moistened by blood flowing through this.) If blood flows out of a vessel, burn it through at right angles. If the flow does not stop with this treatment, cut the vessel through above and below on both sides, in order that the blood as it flows will be turned away; for blood whose flow is divided is easier to stop with a medication than what flows in a mass. For pain in the head, draw off blood from the vessels; if the pain does not stop, but lasts for a long time, burn the ves- sels through, and the patient will recover. If you clean the head, you make the pain worse.
41. Medicine cannot be learned quickly because it is impossible to create any established principle in it, the way that a person who learns writing according to one sys- tem that people teach understands everything; for all who understand writing in the same way do so because the same symbol does not sometimes become opposite, but is always steadfastly the same and not subject to chance. Medicine, on the other hand, does not do the same thing at this moment and the next, and it does opposite things to the same person, and at that things that are self- contradictory. First, laxatives do not always provoke
4 Te. if the vessel is not burnt completely through.
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ΠΕΡῚ TONMQN TON KATA ANOPOTION
»5 ἣν e Ν / , ουσι, καὶ τὰ ὑπεκχωρητικὰ ἀμφότερα ποιέουσι, τάχα δὲ οὐδ᾽ οὕτως ἔχουσι τὰ ὑπεκχωρητικὰ τοῖσι
΄ὔ ᾽’ὔ al στασίμοις ὡς ὑπεναντία. ἐπιστάσης τῆς κοιλίης, ΝΥ ‘\ ΄ὔ I, a ἊΝ A > ἊΝ διὰ τὴν λίην στάσιν φλεγμῆναν τὸ σῶμα, ἐς τὴν / ΄ > / “ «ε 4 κοιλίγν φλέγματος ἀφικομένου, οὕτως ἡ στάσις ε 4 , Ν Ἂς / x ὑπεκχώρησιν ἐποιήσεν" ἐπὴν yap TO φλέγμα ἐς τὴν / 5 ΄ 5 ἊΝ ΄ 5 ΄ὔ Ν Ν κοιλίην ἐσέλθῃ, ἰνηθμὸς γίνεται: ἐν τούτῳ δὲ τὰ 4 a / ὑπεκχωρητικὰ φύσει στάσιν ποιέουσιν ἐν TH κοιλίῃ. Ἃ Ν Ἂς Ὁ Ν γι > ΄ 1 δὲ ἣν μὲν μὴ ὑπεκχωρητικὰ προσφέρῃς, ἐκκλύζηται" δὲ Ν A > lal TO νοσεῖν ποιέον καὶ ὑγραίνηται: ἐπὴν ἐκκλυσθῇ, γίνεται ὑγιής. καὶ οὕτω τά τε στάσιμα τοῖσιν ὑπεκ-
2 ποιέουσι τῆς κοιλίης, καὶ τοῖσι
χωρητικοῖσ! ταὐτὸ στασίμοισι τὰ ὑπεκχωρητικά. ΙΝ 5 Ἂν Ν “2 ἊΝ ἊΝ > > ἊΝ Ν Τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον [καὶ τοὺς ἐρυθροὺς καὶ τοὺς ΄ τ Ν Ν 50 Ν ΄ Ν xAwpovs:|° καὶ τὰ φλεγματώδεα χλωροὺς ποιέει καὶ ἀχρόους, καὶ τὰ ἰσχναίνοντα εὐχρόους: ἑκατέρου δ᾽ ἐστὶ φάρμακον τὰ ὑπεναντία τῷ ὑπεναντίῳ: αὐτίκα ὅταν φλεγμαίνῃ χλωρὸς ἐών, ἐκλύεται, ἣν [μή] τι 5 ’ὔ , / > 4 lal ἰσχναίνῃ φάρμακον προσενεχθέν: ἐνθάδε τῷ φλεγ- μαίνοντι τὸ ἰσχναῖνον ὠφέλησεν: τούτων δὲ τό ποτε ὠφελεύμενον τῳ ὠφελεῦντι νῦν ὠφελεῖ ἐνταῦθα, ὁπό- ταν ὑπὸ ἰσχνότητος ἄχροος καὶ χλωρὸς ἢ: ἣν γάρ lal ΄ 7 Ν / τις φλεγματῶδες προσφέρῃ, παύεται TO χλωρόν.
! Ermerins: ἐκλύεται (-ἡται) AV.
2 Littré: στάσιν AV.
3 Del. Ermerins.
ἦν: χολὸς A.
5 Del. Foes in note 108 after Cornarius.
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PLACES IN MAN
evacuation of the cavity, they may provoke evacuation both upwards and downwards, and it is possible for laxa- tives not even to act in the opposite way from things that promote stasis. For example, with the cavity stopped by a medication, the excessive stasis has often filled the body with phlegm, and as the phlegm came to the cavity, in this way the stasis has brought about evacuation; for when phlegm enters the cavity, evacuation occurs; in this patient, then, naturally laxative substances bring about a stasis in the cavity. (If you do not administer laxatives, let what is making the patient ill be washed out with an enema, and moisten him; when it has been washed out, he recovers.) In this way, agents that promote stasis do the same thing for the cavity as do laxatives, and laxatives the same as agents that promote stasis.
In the same way [in both ruddy and jaundiced per- sons], agents that promote phlegm make patients both yellow-green and pallid, and those that remove moisture make them ruddy; in each case there is a medication— opposite agents to the opposite condition. Immediately when a jaundiced person swells up, the swelling is resolved, if some medication that is administered dries; thence, what dries has helped the patient who was swollen. But what was helped at one time by something helping it, now helps in turn, e.g. when a person is pallid and yellow-green because of a drying agent: if someone gives him a medication that promotes phlegm, the yellow- greenness goes away.
4 T.e. as a step in their mode of action.
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ΠΕΡῚ ΤΟΠῺΝ ΤΩΝ KATA ANOPOTION
5 / A 42. Ὀδύνη τε γίνεται Kal διὰ TO ψυχρὸν καὶ διὰ Ν ᾽ὔ ἊΝ ‘A Ν 4 Ν ‘\ Ν y+ Ἂς τὸ θερμόν, καὶ διὰ τὸ πλέον καὶ διὰ τὸ ἔλασσον: καὶ ἊΝ ἴω “ νι ἐν μὲν τοῖσιν ἐψυγμένοισι φύσει ἐκ τοῦ σώματος Ν ὯΝ / Ἂς Ν Lal / > 4 / πρὸς τὸ δέρμα διὰ τὸ θερμαῖνον λίην ὀδύνη yive- a cal Ν rau! ἐν δὲ τοῖσι θερμοῖσι φύσει διὰ τὸ ψυχρόν: καὶ Ν ἴω A / lol ἐν μὲν τοῖσι ξηροῖσι φύσει ὑγραινομένοις, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ε A 4 4 ΙΝ Ν᾽ - ὑγροῖσι φύσει ξηραινομένοισι: τὴν yap φύσιν διαλ- ¢ 4 Ν ᾽’ e > , λασσομένοις ἑκάστοισι Kat διαφθειρομένοις at ὀδύ- ναι γίνονται: ὑγιαίνονταί τε αἱ ὀδύναι τοῖσιν ὑπε- » τὸ Cees ΄ , RE) a ναντιοισιν" LOLOV εκάστῳ VOONMATL <TL>~ ἐστι TOLOL A / ἊΝ Ν Ν Ἂς , A θερμοῖσι φύσει, διὰ δὲ τὸ ψυχρὸν νοσέουσι, θερμαῖ- “4 Ν A id ἈΝ iA vov τε καὶ τάλλα τούτων κατὰ λόγον. ΝΜ [2 , Ν SY “ἢ "ὦ , Αλλος ὅδε τρόπος: διὰ τὰ ὅμοια νόσος γίνεται, Ν © καὶ διὰ τὰ ὅμοια προσφερόμενα ἐκ νοσεύντων ὑγιαί- νονται" οἷον στραγγουρίην τὸ αὐτὸ ποιέει οὐκ ἐοῦ- ἊΝ 5 lal Ν 5 Ἂς ’ Ἂν Ἂν Ν Ἂς σαν, καὶ ἐοῦσαν τὸ αὐτὸ παύει: καὶ βὴξ κατὰ τὸ “2 “ A ar αὐτό, ὥσπερ καὶ στραγγουρίη, ὑπὸ TOV αὐτῶν γίνε- Ν ΄ + “ / Ν e Ν ται καὶ παύεται. ἄλλος ὅδε τρόπος: πυρετὸς ὁ διὰ ¢ N ἴω A φλεγμασίην γινόμενος, τοτὲ μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν A la vn γίνεται καὶ παύεται, τοτὲ δὲ τοῖσιν ὑπεναντίοις ἢ > 4 A x ΩΝ 5», 4 4 « ἐγένετο: τοῦτον μὲν γὰρ εἴ τις βούλεται λούειν ὕδατι A Ν Ν ὯΝ 4 ε Ν 4 Ν θερμῷ καὶ ποτὰ πολλὰ διδόναι, ὑγιὴς γίνεται διὰ τοῦτο τὸ φλεγμαῖνον: τοῖσι φλεγμαίνειν ποιέουσι vn Ν Ν », προσφερομένοις ὁ ὧν πυρετὸς γίνεται ὑγιής" καὶ εἴ τις βούλεται φάρμακον πίσαι ὑποχωρητικὸν καὶ ἐμετικόν: τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον τοῖσί | τε ποιέουσι παύε- ται, καὶ τοῖσι παύουσι γίνεται. τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ εἴ τις
ἐμέοντι ἀνθρώπῳ βούλεται ὕδωρ δοῦναι πιεῖν πολύ,
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42. Pain arises both from cold and from heat, and both from excessively great amounts and from too little. In persons that are cooled by nature out of their body towards the skin, pain arises from excessive heating, in those by nature hot, from cold, in those by nature dry, when they are moistened, and in those by nature moist, when they are dried. For in each thing that is altered with respect to its nature, and destroyed, pains arise. Pains are cured by opposites, and there is a specific thing for each disease: in persons by nature hot, and who are ill because of cooling, it is what heats, and so on according to this principle.
Another principle is the following: a disease arises because of similars, and, by being treated with similars, patients recover from such diseases. For example, the same thing produces strangury when it is not present, and stops it when it is present; cough, in the same way as strangury, is engendered and is halted by the same things. Another principle is the following: fever that has arisen due to phlegmasia sometimes arises and is stopped by the same things, and sometimes is stopped by things opposite to those from which it arose. For if someone washes this patient with hot water and gives copious drinks, the patient recovers as a result of this swelling; when things that promote swelling are administered, the fever that is present becomes well; also if someone decides to make this patient drink a downward evacuant and an emetic. Thus, in the same way it is stopped by the things that pro- duce it and produced by those that stop it. That is to say, iftoa patient that is vomiting someone gives much water
1 AV. See Schubring p. 66. ? Joly. 85
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ΠΕΡῚ TOMQN TON KATA ANOPQOTION
> ΄ rane Ὁ5. Ν oye “ ‘ ἐκκλυσθήσεται Ou’ ἃ ἐμέει σὺν τῷ ἐμέτῳ: οὕτω μὲν Ν Ν ΄ » ἫΝ διὰ τὸ ἐμέειν ὁ ἔμετος παύεται: ὧδε «δὲ» διὰ τὸ ΄ “ ΄ ΄ Seay’ > A > a Qa παύειν, OTL κάτω ποιήσει αὐτῷ ἐλθεῖν ἐκεῖνο,“ ὃ ἊΝ 5 A EVEOV ἔμετον ποιέει, ἀμφοτέροισι τοῖσιν ὑπεναντί- , Ν Ν ἊΣ “ 3 οισι τρόποις ὑγιὴς γίνεται. καὶ εἰ μὲν οὕτως εἶχε πᾶσι, καθεστήκει ἄν, οὕτω τὰ μὲν τοῖς ὑπεναντίοισιν 5 / Co 4 / > Ν > > “ 5 ͵ὕ Ἂς εὐτρεπίζεσθαι οἷά τέ ἐστι καὶ ad’ ὅτου ἐγένετο, τὰ Ν a ε ΄ 8.2 γα Ὁ) Ἄν ΤῊΝ » Ὁ 5 / δὲ τοῖσιν ὁμοίοισιν οἷά τέ ἐστι καὶ ἀφ᾽ ὅτου ἐγένετο. , 5, la A Σὰ 43. Τούτου δ᾽ αἴτιόν ἐστιν ἡ τοῦ σώματος ἀσθε- 4 ἈΝ Ν lal Ἂν ἂς lal / 5, 4 vein’ TO yap σῶμα ὑπὸ μὲν TOV σιτίων ἴσων ἴσως τρέφεται, ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ σώματος τὰ σιτία κρατέεται:
3 προσενέγκηται ἢ ἀλλοίως μεταλ-
> XN Ν ’΄ ἐπὴν δὲ μάσσον λά ΄ ΄, én? Ἂν Pct Nee , aéas κρατέηται, κρατέει δὴ“ τὰ σιτία: Kal ὁπόταν A A a κρατέηται τὸ σῶμα ὑπὸ τῶν προσοισμάτων, «ἃ; 4 4 Ν Ἂς "4 « “ , θάλλειν ποιέει ταὐτὰ καὶ κρατέει ἅμα TOV σώματος τά τε ὑπεναντία ποιέουσιν. αὐτίκα τὸ λοῦσθαι A “ Ἂς a Ν lal A , θερμῷ, ἕως μὲν ἂν TO σῶμα κρατέῃ τοῦ προσοίσμα- A EAN 5 > ἣν δὲ θῃ 5 Ν ΄ Ν τος, θάλλει: ἐπὴν δὲ κρατηθῇ, ἰσχνὸν ποιέει τὸ A Ν Ν , 4 A cal , σῶμα: καὶ TO εὐωχέεσθαι ὁμοίως TH λοῦσθαι ποιέει: A © 5.) ταῦτα μὲν yap ἕως μὲν ἂν κρατέωνται, θάλλειν ποι- / Ν / / έουσιν: ἐπὴν δὲ κρατέωσιν, ὑπεκχωρήσεις TE TOLEOV- Ν 5 ’ ΄ ε 4 Ἂν a 4 σιν καὶ ἀλλοίας κακίας: ὁπότε δὲ ὃ προσφέρεται > \6 ΄ | > ΄ \ @ ΄ V4 αὐτὸ“ μεταλλάσσεται, | ἀνάγκη καὶ ᾧ προσφέρεται ! Joly. 2 Joly: ἐξ ἐκείνου AV. 3 Joly: πλέον ἢ ἔλασσον ΑΝ. 4 Ermerins: κρατέεται δὲ καὶ AV.
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PLACES IN MAN
to drink, the patient will, by vomiting, be washed clean by what he vomits; thus, through vomiting, the vomiting stops; and in this way through its stopping—because it will make the patient evacuate downwards that which, when present in the body, provokes vomiting—the patient recovers in two contrary ways. And if this were so in all cases, the principle would be established, that some- times conditions can be treated by things opposite to those from which they arose, and sometimes by things like to those from which they arose.
43. The cause of this is the body’s weakness. For from the correct measure of foods the body is nourished equally and the foods are mastered by the body, but when more foods are administered than can, in changing to something different, be mastered, the foods take mastery, and when the body is mastered by the things adminis- tered to it, the same things that otherwise make it thrive prevail over the body and produce the opposite effect. As long as the body has mastery over what has been adminis- tered to it, being washed at once with warm water makes it thrive, but when the body has been mastered by what was administered to it, being bathed makes it lean. Being well fed has the same effects as being washed: for as long as foods are under the mastery of the body, they make the body thrive, but when they themselves have the mastery, they provoke downward evacuations and other sorts of ills. When what is administered is changed itself, then it follows necessarily that the person to whom it is adminis-
5 Littré. 6 Potter: τοῦτο AV. ‘ ᾧ ap. Linden after Comarius: τὸ προσφερόμενον AV.
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ΠΕΡῚ TOMQN TON KATA ANOPOTION
4 Ν “ ’ὔ Ν μετατρέπεσθαι: τὸ γὰρ σῶμα μετατρεπόμενον καὶ Ν nv Ἀν Ν , Ἂς ὀλιγοεργὲς ὃν καὶ ὑπὸ παντὸς νικώμενον τὰς παλιγκο- a 4 Lol , Tlas παρέχει. τοῦτο δὲ ποιέει καὶ TA ὑποχωρητικά, Ν ’ὕ 4 / δ ὁ A καὶ Ta θάλλειν ποιέοντα, ἰσχναίνοντά TE’ ταῦτα TO A / Ν »᾽ , σῶμα ποιέουσι, Kal τἄλλα πάντα τὰ ὑπεναντία TOU- τοισι πάσχοντα. ε Ν Ν / a 44. Ἢ δὲ ἰητρικὴ ὀλιγόκαιρός! ἐστιν: καὶ ὃς wr A Ν Ἃ τοῦτο ἐπίσταται, ἐκείνῳ καθέστηκε, καὶ ἐπίσταται ἥδ ΕΣ Ν Ν Ἂν 5», - 5 > > A ε [τὰ εἴδεα καὶ τὰ μὴ εἴδεα, ἅ ἐστιν ἐν ἰητρικῇ ὁ και- Ν Tal 9" Ν pos γνῶναι: ὅτι τὰ ὑποχωρητικὰ οὐχ ὑποχωρητικὰ , + « / , Ν Ν γίνεται, καὶ τἄλλα ὅτι ὑπεναντία ἐστί, καὶ τὰ ὑπε- , Ν ναντιώτατα οὐχ ὑπεναντιώτατά ἐστιν. ὁ δὲ καιρὸς “Ὅν > ΄ Ν ΄ 2 “ ͵΄ \ A ὅδ᾽ ἐστί: τὰ σιτία προσφέρειν, ὅσων μέλλει TO σῶμα A / [2 a Ν προσφερόμενον τὸ πλῆθος κρατέειν, ὥστ᾽ ἣν μὲν ° / ἴω 4 Ν ’ὔ οὕτω ποιέῃ, πᾶσα ἀνάγκη τὸ ὑποχωρητικὸν σιτίον ΄ \ > \ \ προσφερόμενον ὑποχωρητικὸν εἶναι, καὶ TO φλεγμα- “ “Ὁ vv ΄ Ν ἊΝ Ν ἴω τῶδες φλεγματῶδες. ἢν κρατέῃ μὲν yap? τὸ σῶμα - ͵ὕὔ 5, rn » , ’ τῶν σιτίων, οὔτε νοῦσος οὔτε ὑπεναντίωσις γίνεται Ν - ΄ a lal προσφερομένων, καὶ οὗτος ὁ καιρός ἐστιν OV δεῖ TOV 5» Ν 5 / > Ν δὲ Ν Ν - ΄ Ν ἰητρὸν εἰδέναι: [ἐπὴν δὲ τὸν καιρὸν ὑπερβάλλῃ, τὸ Ὡν a / » ὑπεναντίον γίνεται, καὶ οἱ πρὶν ὑπερπέσσειν οἴονται ", Ν Ν ΄ 4 “ Ν \ ey Ν ἔχειν, καὶ τὸ θερμαίνεσθαι: ἕως μὲν γὰρ ἂν τὸ a lal , / Ν A σῶμα TOV προσοίσματος κρατέῃ, τρέφεται TO σῶμα: 5 πὴ A aA Ν Ν e / Ν ¢ ἐπὴν δὲ τοῦτον τὸν καιρὸν ὑπερβάλλῃ, TO ὑπεναν- ly, -χρόνιος A. ? Del. Potter as an intruded marginal gloss.
3 μὲν yap Potter: yap ἐν A: om. V. 4 Del. Potter. καὶ o-—Oeppaiver Oar del. Ermerins.
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tered also be changed; so the body, being changed, of little strength, and overwhelmed by everything, makes things get worse; this can result also from evacuations, from medications that provoke growth, and from those that reduce moisture. The body is affected by these things, and by all the other things that are their opposites.
44. In medicine the correct measure is narrow, and the person who understands this has a fixed principle, and he understands [the forms in which correct measure in medicine is and is not to be recognized] that laxatives become non-laxative, that other things turn to their oppo- sites, and that things that were the most opposite are no longer the most opposite. Correct measure is the follow- ing: to administer as much food as, being administered, will be mastered by the body, so that, if a person does this, there is every necessity that the laxative food you admin- ister have a laxative effect, and the phlegm-promoting a phlegm-promoting effect. Now if the body gains a mas- tery over the food, neither will any disease nor anything else contrary to the nature of what is administered result; this is the correct measure the physician must recognize. [But when he goes beyond the correct measure, the opposite happens; . .. . |? For, as long as the body gains the mastery over what is administered, the body is nour- ished; but when one goes beyond this correct measure,
ἃ The latter part of the deleted passage is unintelligible.
89
340
ΠΕΡῚ TONQN TON KATA ANOPOTION
/ 4 > 4 4 Ἂς 2 4 Ν τίον γίνεται, ἰσχναίνεται γάρ: καὶ τἄλλα πάντα δὲ ἊΝ , fal “ SS a / Ν τὰ φλεγμαίνειν ποιεῦντα, ἕως μὲν ἂν κρατέῃ τὸ lal Ν σῶμα, ἔτι τὰ πρὸς τὸν καιρὸν καὶ τὰ κατὰ φύσιν / oe | Ν MY) τὰς : ποιέουσιν ἕκαστον, | τὰ φλεγματώδεα φλεγμαίνειν 5 ἣν ΩΝ ε 4 Ἂν “4 Ν ε , 4 ἐπὴν δὲ ὑπερβάλλῃ τὸν καιρόν, τὰ ὑπεναντία γίνε- ται." 4 4 ἂν 4 ἊΝ 45. ΤΠΙάντα φάρμακά εἰσι τὰ μετακινέοντα τὸ παρεόν: πάντα δὲ τὰ ἰσχυρότερα μετακινέουσιν" », ΄ a Ἂν 7 ΄ ΄ vn ἔξεστι δέ, ἣν μὲν βούλῃ, φαρμάκῳ μετακινέειν: ἣν δὲ μὴ βούλῃ, σιτίῳ: ἅπαντα δὲ νοσέοντι μετακινέειν lal >! / ΩΝ ἐκ τοῦ παρεόντος ἀρήγει: ἢν γὰρ μὴ μετακινήσῃς τὸ νοσέον, αὔξεται. φάρμακα οὐ χρὴ τὰ ἰσχυρὰ φύσει A 5 / A ἐπὶ τῶν ἀσθενέων νοσημάτων διδόναι, ὀλιγότητι τοῦ 4 Ν “ Ν aA ἊΝ φαρμάκου ἀσθενὲς ποιεῦντα: ἀλλὰ τοῖσι μὲν ἰσχυ- A ΄ 4 3 N19) 9 - a potor φύσει φαρμάκοις [ἐπὶ] ἰσχυροῖσι χρῆσθαι, val 4 Ἂς lal ᾿ς τοῖς δ᾽ ἀσθενέσι φαρμάκοις μὴ ἰσχυροῖσι, μηδὲ lal Ν 4 > Ν τς / μεταποιεῦντα τὸ φάρμακον. ἀλλὰ κατὰ φύσιν A a 4 ἑκάστοισιν: τοῖσι μὲν ἀσθενέσι ἀσθενῆ φάρμακα 4 lal Ν a ἧς 4 φύσει, τοῖσι δὲ ἰσχυροῖσι νοσήμασιν ἰσχυρὰ φύσει \ ΄ \ \ ΄ a ΄ ΄ τὰ φάρμακα. τὰ δὲ νοσήματα ἣ πελαστάτω πέφυ- » / ΄ > > / e ε / ΕΣ κεν, ἐξάγειν, ταύτῃ δ᾽ ἐξάγειν ἣ ἑκάστῳ ἔξοδος ἐγγυτάτω. ‘ A > ¢ Ν ἂν Τὰ ὑποχωρητικὰ τοιάδε ἐστίν, ὅσα ὀλισθηρὰ καὶ τμηματώδεα, καὶ ὅσα ἐν τοῖσι θερμοῖσι λεπτύνον- [- ‘A ’΄ / > ἣν », Ν. «ς 4 Tau ἡ yap κοιλίη θερμή ἐστι: καὶ τἄλλα τὰ ἁλμυρά, 2 A A » Kal ὅσα τῶν τοιούτων πλεῖστον ἔχουσιν. τὰ δ᾽ οὐ 4 / “ A / διαχωρητικά, ἀλλὰ στάσιμα, ὅσα φῦσαν παρέχου-
Ν Ν aA / ἂν σιν: τὰ γὰρ ὑγρὰ ξηραινόμενα φῦσαν ποιέουσι, καὶ
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PLACES IN MAN
the opposite happens, and it becomes lean. All the other things, too, which promote phlegm each do what is oppor- tune and according to their nature, as long as the body has the mastery; e.g. the phlegm-promoting promote phlegm. But when the physician goes beyond the correct measure, the opposite happens.
45. All substances that change the state of the patient are medications, and all the more forceful substances change in this way. It is possible, if you wish, to bring about change by means of a medication, or, if you do not wish to use a medication, you can bring about change by means of foods. Everything that changes from the exist- ing state benefits what is ill, for if you do not change what is ill, it increases. Medications that are by nature strong you must not give in weak diseases, attempting to make the medication weak by giving it in a small amount; rather you should administer strong medications in diseases that are themselves by nature strong, and weak medications in diseases that are not strong, and not alter the medication. Give to each disease according to its nature: in weak dis- eases give medications by nature weak, in strong diseases, medications by nature strong. Draw off diseases at the point that is nearest; draw off where the exit is nearest for each.
Laxatives are these kinds of things: things that are slip- pery and separable, and that are thinned with warming (for the cavity is warm) and also salty things, and sub- stances that are the most like these. The non-laxative— i.e. substances promoting stasis—are things that produce flatulence (for when what is moist becomes dry it pro-
! The text in A ceases here, with the remark τέλος περὶ τόπων τῶν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον. 2 Del. Aldina.
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342
ΠΕΡῚ TOHNQN TON KATA ANOPOTION
ἣν , Ν Ν ε Ἂν A 7 Ν ‘\ Ta στύφοντα καὶ TA ὑπὸ θερμοῦ πηγνύμενα καὶ τὰ \ i ψαθυρὰ καὶ τὰ Enpd. πάντα δὲ [ra]! ἐντὸς φλεγμαί- νειν ποιέουσι προσφερόμενα, ἅσσα τὰ ἐκτὸς ἰσχναί- νουσιν: ταῦτα δὲ καὶ ἰσχητήριά ἐστι καὶ φλεγματώ- δεα. καὶ τὰ ὑποχωρητικὰ ἰσχναίνοντα θερμαίνουσι: ΩΝ A XN Ν 5 4 ἊΝ 7 a: τὰ τοιαῦτα ἔτι δὲ τὰ ὀξέα Kai φλεγματώδεα. πάντα LN Ν ’ ἊΝ > ἴω 4 ἂς ‘ A ε δὲ τὰ ψύχοντα τὰ ἐν τῇ. κοιλίῃ: τὰ δὲ τοιαῦτα ὑπο- 4 > Sy Ν ‘\ Ν Ν 4 ΄ ς la χωρητικά ἐστι: Kal τὰ ψυχρὰ Kal τὰ ὑγρά: ὁπόταν δὲ μὴ ὑποχωρητικὰ ἔωσι, θερμαίνουσιν. ψύχουσι δὲ καὶ τὰ θερμὰ ἐς τὴν κοιλίην προσφερόμενα καὶ ταχὺ ὃ ΄ ΄ 9 ὃ 4] Ν Ν «οιαχωρησιν TOLEVLEVA,>~ OLAKWIPNOLW δὲ μὴ ποι- εύμενα θερμά ἐστιν ἐν τῇ κοιλίῃ. τούτων ὅσα πλησ- ‘\ / 4 4 / > a ἊΝ μονὴν ποιέει, μάλιστα φλεγματώδεά ἐστιν: ἃ δὲ A / πλεῖστα προσφερόμενα, οὐ ποιέει πλησμονήν, δια- χωρητικά. 46. Ἰητρικὴ δή μοι δοκέει ἤδη ἀνευρῆσθαι ὅλη, ἥτις οὕτως ἔχει, ἥτις διδάσκει ἕκαστα καὶ τὰ ἔθεα Δ © καὶ τοὺς καιρούς. ὃς γὰρ οὕτως ἰητρικὴν ἐπίσταται, 3 / Ν ΄ 3 la 3 ἊΝ Ν ΕΒ , ἐλάχιστα τὴν τύχην ἐπιμένει, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄνευ τύχης Ν Ν , Ss , + / Ν > Ν καὶ ξὺν τύχῃ εὖ ποιηθείη ἄν. βέβηκε γὰρ ἰητρικὴ πᾶσα, καὶ φαίνεται τῶν σοφισμάτων τὰ κάλλιστα ἐν αὐτῇ συγκείμενα ἐλάχιστα τύχης δεῖσθαι: ἡ γὰρ τύχη αὐτοκρατὴς καὶ οὐκ ἄρχεται, οὐδ᾽ ἐπ᾽ εὐχῇ > 5. ἐδ > A ε a) ΄ ” ΄ ν᾿ ἐστιν αὐτὴν ἐλθεῖν: ἡ δ᾽ ἐπιστήμη ἄρχεταί τε καὶ εὐτυχής ἐστιν, ὁπόταν βούληται ὁ ἐπιστάμενος χρῆ- σθαι. ἔπειτα τί καὶ δεῖται ἰητρικὴ τύχης; εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἔστι τῶν νοσημάτων φάρμακα σαφῆ, οἶμαι, οὐκ A A Ν ἐπιμένει τὴν τύχην τὰ φάρμακα ὑγιᾶ ποιῆσαι τὰ
92
PLACES IN MAN
duces flatulence), the astringent, things that congeal when they are heated, the friable, and the dry. All sub- stances administered in order to remove moisture exter- nally promote phlegm within; thus, they both remove moisture and promote phlegm. Laxatives that remove moisture warm; it is the same with substances that are sharp and promote phlegm. All things that cool what is in the cavity, such are laxative; ie. both the cold and the moist; when they are not laxative, they warm. Warm things that enter the cavity and quickly bring about an evacuation cool, but if they do not stimulate an evacua- tion, they are warm in the cavity. Substances that pro- duce fullness are usually phlegm-promoting, whereas those that—even when administered in very great amounts—do not lead to fullness, are laxative.
46. Medicine in its present state is, it seems to me, by now completely discovered, insofar as it teaches in each instance the particular details and the correct measures. For anyone who has an understanding of medicine in this way depends very little upon good luck, but is able to do good with or without luck. For the whole of medicine has been established, and the excellent principles discovered in it clearly have very little need of good luck. Good luck is arbitrary and cannot be commanded, and even prayer cannot make it come; but understanding can be com- manded, and of itself represents good luck, whenever the person who has knowledge employs it. Then, in what sense does medicine need luck? For if there are obvious medications indicated in diseases, I hold that these medi- cations do not depend upon good luck to make the
1 Del. Ermerins. 2 Littré; Foes (ποιέουσι) in note 124 after Comarius’ secessum faciunt.
93
344
ΠΕΡῚ TOMQN TON KATA ANOPQOTION
΄ ” iy > S71 ΄ τ > δὲ Ν A νοσήματα, εἴ πέρ ἐστι [τὰ] φάρμακα: εἰ δὲ σὺν TH ? 4 A ἣν \ τύχῃ διδόναι ὠφελέει, οὐδὲν μᾶλλον τὰ φάρμακα ἢ Ν “ lal / Kal τὰ μὴ φάρμακα σύν γε TH τύχῃ ὑγιᾶ ποιέουσι ’ὔὕ a 4 Ν προσφερόμενα τοῖσι νοσήμασιν. ὅστις δὲ τὴν 7 a “Δ » τύχην ἐξ ἰητρικῆς ἢ ἐξ ἄλλου τινὸς ἐξελάσει, φάμε- νος οὐ τοὺς καλῶς τι πρῆγμα ἐπισταμένους χρῆ- σθαι τύχῃ, τὸ ὑπεναντίον δοκέει μοι γινώσκειν: ἐμοὶ ἊΝ fal Ν A yap δοκέουσι μοῦνοι Kal ἐπιτυγχάνειν καὶ ἀτυχεῖν A Ν lal lal 4 οἱ καλῶς TL Kal κακῶς πρῆξαι ἐπιστάμενοι: ἐπι- τυγχάνειν τε γὰρ τοῦτ᾽ ἐστὶ τὸ καλῶς ποιέειν, τοῦτο ΄ lal A δὲ οἱ ἐπιστάμενοι ποιέουσιν: ἀτυχεῖν δὲ TOUT’ ἐστίν, ἃ "5 a A ὃ ἄν τις μὴ ἐπίστηται, τοῦτο μὴ καλῶς ποιέειν: ἀμα- A \ uA Ons δὲ ἐών, πῶς ἂν ἐπιτύχοι; εἰ yap TL καὶ ἐπιτύχοι, vn / / οὐκ ἂν ἀξίως λόϊγου τὴν ἐπιτυχίην ποιήσαιτο: ὁ yap Ἂν la) 4 > vn“ > 4 JA ἣν 3 ’ὔ’ μὴ καλῶς ποιέων οὐκ ἂν ἐπιτύχοι τἄλλα τὰ εἰκότα μὴ πράσσων. ‘ lal 4 / Cie / 47. Ta γυναικεῖα νοσεύματα καλεύμενα- αἱ ὑστέ- A / 3, e Ἂς pal πάντων τῶν νοσημάτων αἴτιαί εἰσιν: αὗται γὰρ \ al vo ὅπη av ἐκ τῆς φύσεως μετακινηθέωσι, νούσους 4 , » παρέχουσιν, nv τε προέλθωσιν, HY τε παραχωρήσω- - “ ἊΣ Ν 4 Ν , ec ow. καὶ ὅταν μὲν μὴ βάλλουσαι TO στόμα αἱ A Ν Lol » μῆτραι καὶ μὴ ψαύουσαι τῶν κρημνῶν μετακεκινὴη- » x lal ‘A μέναι ἔωσιν ἔξω, σμικροτάτη νοῦσός ἐστιν" ἐπὴν δὲ 4 > Ν 2, Ἂς 5 4 ἊΣ προκινηθέωσιν ἐς τὸ ἔμπροσθεν καὶ ἐμβάλλωσι τὸ στόμα ἐς τὸν κρημνόν, πρῶτον μὲν ψαύσασα πόνον παρέσχεν, εἶτα ἀποφραχθεῖσα ἡ μήτρη καὶ ἐπιπω- μασθεῖσα ὑπὸ τῆς ἐμβλήσεως τῆς ἐς τὸν κρημνόν, οὐ γίνεται ῥόος τὰ καταμήνια: τοῦτο δὲ συνιστάμε-
94
PLACES IN MAN
diseases better—if they really are medications: for if these medications administered in diseases only help when they have good luck, then they are no more making the patients well than non-medications would with good luck. On the other hand, anyone who excludes “good luck” from medicine or any other art, saying that those who understand a given matter thoroughly do not employ “good luck”, seems to me to know himself that this is incorrect. For I hold that those alone have good and bad luck respectively, who understand well and poorly how to do something. For to have good luck is to do the correct thing, and those with understanding do this. But to have bad luck is this: to do badly what one does not under- stand. If someone is ignorant how could he ever have good luck? For even if he should have good luck in some particular thing, he would not make this good luck into anything worth mentioning: by not acting correctly he would not have good luck, since he did not do the other appropriate things.
47. Diseases of women, as they are called. The uterus is the cause of all these diseases; for however it changes from its normal position—whether it moves forward, or whether it withdraws—it produces diseases. When the uterus does not drop its os and does not move so that it is outside and touching the labia, the disease is very minor. But when it moves ahead towards the front and inserts its os against the labium, first this produces pain because of the contact, and also the menstrual flow fails to take place because the uterus is obstructed and capped by its impaction against the labia, and when this flow is held
1 Del. Ermerins.
95
346
HEPI TOMQN TON KATA ANOPOION
ον ’ὔ ἊΝ 5 /, 4 ἂς a ἊΝ: 4 νον OLOOS TE καὶ ὀδύνην παρέχει. καὶ ἣν μὲν κάτω A Cal 4 κατελθοῦσα καὶ ἀποστραφεῖσα ἐμβάλῃ ἐς τὸν Bov- “- nv > Bava, ὀδύνην παρέξει: ἢν δὲ ἄνω ἐπαναχωρήσασα 5 lal Ν 5 “Ὁ ἊΝ 4 Μ᾿ ‘\ ἀποστραφῇ Kat ἀποφραχθῇ, καὶ οὕτω διὰ τὴν ἀραιότητα νοῦσον παρέχει: ὁπόταν δὲ διὰ τοῦτο Ὡς 5 Ν > 4 Ν Ν ἊΝ 5 »Ἅ , νοσέῃ, ἐς τὰ ἰσχία καὶ THY κεφαλὴν ὀδύνην ποιέει. ὁπόταν δὲ αἱ μῆτραι πλησθεῖσαι συνοιδήσωσιν, οὐ ca > \ Ἂς th ΄ 5 Ν ἈΝ 4 ᾿ ῥεῖ οὐδὲν καὶ πλέαι γίνονται: ἐπὴν δὲ πλέαι γίνων- 4 lal > aA > ἊΝ Ἂς tal e ται, ψαύουσι τῶν ἰσχίων: ἐπὴν δὲ πλησθεῖσαι at μῆτραι ὑγρότητος καὶ διευρυνόμεναι οὐ χωρέωνται, ψαύωσι δὲ τῶν ἰσχίων, ὀδύνας παρέχουσι καὶ ἐς τὰ ἰσχία καὶ <és>! τὸν βουβῶνα, καὶ οἷον σφαῖραι ἐν τῇ γαστρὶ ὑποτρέχουσι, καὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν πονέουσι, τοτὲ μὲν ἐς τὸ ἕτερον μέρος, τοτὲ δὲ ὅλην, οἵη γίνε- ται καὶ ἡ νοῦσος. ae a Ea 4 Ode δὴ ταῦτα εὐτρεπιστέον: ἢν μὲν προέλθῃ μοῦνον καὶ ἣ διαχρίειν, χρῶ ᾧ | τινι βούλει τῶν / “Ἂ 4 “Ἃ A o\ + Ν lal κακόδμων, ἢ KEOPW, ἢ μυσσωτῷ, ἢ ἄλλῳ τινὶ τῶν βαρύτερον καὶ κακὸν ὀζομένων, καὶ κάπνιζε, καὶ μὴ lal A ἴω , πυρία, μηδὲ σιτίῳ μηδὲ ποτῷ οὐρητικῷ χρῶ τούτου fal fa) a 3 τοῦ χρόνου, μηδὲ ove θερμῷ. ἣν δὲ ἀνακεχωρήκῃ καὶ μὴ ἀπεστραμμένη ἣ, τοῖσιν εὐόδμοισι προσθε- τοῖσι χρῶ, ὅσα ἀναθερμαίνουσιν ἅμα: ταῦτα δὲ a’ » » » τοιάδε εἰσί: σμύρνῃ, ἢ μύρῳ, εἴθ᾽ ἑνὶ «εἴτ᾽ ἐν; ἄλλῳ εὐόδμῳ καὶ θερμαίνοντι ἅμα: τοιούτοισι προσ- θετοῖσι χρῶ: καὶ πυριᾶν οἴνῳ κότωθεν, καὶ θερμῷ A 4 ἣν lal lal Ἂς Ν a / ὕδατι λούειν, καὶ διουρητικοῖσι χρῶ. τὸ δὲ δῆλόν av 2 > lal ἴω ἴω ἐστιν, HV μὴ ἀποστραφῇ ἀνακεχωρηκυῖα, ῥεῦμα
96
PLACES IN MAN
back, it produces swelling and pain. If the uterus descends downwards and turns aside to fall against the groin, it will produce pain; and if it ascends upwards, turns aside and becomes obstructed, in this way too it produces a disease, on account of its porousness; when the uterus is diseased in this way, it provokes pain in the hips and in the head. When the uterus becomes filled and swells shut, nothing flows and it fills up; when it is full, it touches the hip-joints. When the uterus has become filled with fluid, dilated and immobile, and when it touches the hip-joints, it produces pains both in the hip-joints and in the groin, and something like spheres pass by in the belly, and the patient has pain in her head, sometimes in one half, sometimes in the whole head; such is the disease that arises.
These conditions are to be treated as follows. If the uterus only protrudes and it can be anointed, apply any of the evil-smelling substances you wish, cedar, mussotos,* or any other of the heavy- and evil-smelling ones, fumi- gate, and neither administer a vapour-bath nor give food or a diuretic potion at this time, nor wash with warm water. If the uterus has moved upwards but not turned aside, employ pleasant-smelling applications to the uterus, that are at the same time warming: e.g. myrrh or sweet oil, either alone or together with ancther sweet- smelling and warming substance. Make these applica- tions, apply a vapour-bath of wine from below, wash with warm water, and use diuretics. This is a clear indication: if the uterus has withdrawn upwards but not turned aside,
4 “A savoury dish of cheese, honey, garlic, etc.” (LSJ).
1 Linden. 2 Potter. 97
348
MEPI TOMON TON KATA ANOPOTION
\ , > ΄ὔ γίνεται: ἣν δὲ ἀπεστραμμένη ἢ, οὐ γίνεται ῥόος τὰ μι lal / A καταμήνια καλεύμενα: τοῦτο TO νόσημα πυρίῃ πρῶ- rol Ἂς 55 > 5 > Ν 5 ᾽’ὕ τον τοιῇδε χρὴ ἰᾶσθαι, ἐς οἶνον ἐρινεὰ ἐμβάλλοντα, ΄ὔ lal 14 θερμαίνοντα τοῦτον, περιθέντα σικυωνίην περὶ TO / la) eo oN a ms στόμα τοῦ τείχεος, ἐν ᾧ ἂν θερμαίνηται, ὧδε ποιῆ- Ψ' σαι: σικυωνίην μέσην διαταμών, ἐκκενώσας, τὸ ἄκρον ἀποταμὼν σμικρόν, ὡς ἐπ᾽ ἀσκίων τοῦτο © a nw A nl περιπωμάσαι, ὅπως ἂν ἡ ὀδμὴ διὰ τοῦ στενοῦ ἰοῦσα πρὸς τὴν μήτρην ἀφίκηται: καὶ θερμῷ ὕδατι αἰονᾶν, καὶ φαρμάκοισι θερμαίνουσι χρῆσθαι προσθετοῖσι. θερμαίνοντα δ᾽ ἐστὶ τὰ ἄγοντα τῶν πρόσθεν, τὰ δὲ a 4 τοιάδε, βόλβιτον, χολὴ βοός, σμύρνα, στυπτηρίη, ᾽ὔ’ Ν + aA A χὰ 5 ’ὔ ε ἊΝ χαλβάνη, καὶ ἄλλο ὃ τοιοῦτόν ἐστι, τούτων ὡς πλεί- ,ὔ 4 στοισι, καὶ ὑπεξάγειν ἐλατηρίοισι φαρμάκοισι κάτω “ » © Ν ὅσα ἔμετον <ov>! ποιέουσιν, ἀσθενέουσιν, ὅπως μὴ Ἂν a / ἰνηθμὸς γένηται ἐκ τῆς ὑπερινήσιος. Ν e ΄, 3 Ta δὲ προσθετὰ ὧδε χρὴ ποιέειν, ἢν βούλῃ 5 Ν ys / ε 7 / 5 ἴω ἰσχυρὰ ποιέειν: μέλι ἡμίεφθον ποιέων, ἔμβαλε τῶν γεγραμμένων προσθετῶν τῶν ἄγειν ποιούντων, καὶ 9 Ν 5 ΄ὔ / 4 Ν 4 ἈΝ ἐπὴν ἐμβάλλῃς, ποίησον ὥσπερ τὰς βαλάνους τὰς cy, / Ν πρὸς τὴν ἕδρην προστιθεμένας, μακρὰς δὲ ποίει καὶ λεπτὰς ταύτας: τὴν δὲ γυναῖκα ὑπτίην κατακλίνας, 3, ἣὴ A ‘ A ἄνω | τοὺς πόδας ποιήσας τῆς κλίνης τοὺς πρὸς A ” ΄ \ , > “Ὁ Oe ποδῶν, ἔπειτα πρόσθες [καὶ θερμαίνει" ἐν ῥάκει δέ 2» oo 5) A oN de > ΄ έων ἢ" ἄλλῳ τινί, ἕως ἂν κατατακῇ: ἣν δὲ ἀσθενέσ -
τερον βούλῃ τὸ προσθετὸν προστιθέναι, ἐς ὀθόνιον
! Linden. 2 Del. Ermerins.
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PLACES IN MAN
a flux occurs, but if it has turned aside, the flux called the menses does not occur. This latter condition you must treat first with the following vapour-bath: add wild figs to some wine, and heat; place a gourd over the mouth of the vessel in which the mixture is being heated as follows: cut a gourd open in the middle, empty it out, and cut off a lit- tle at the tip, so that the gourd will cover the skin vessel tightly as a lid, in order that the odour will pass through the narrow part of the gourd and arrive at the uterus. Also foment with hot water, and employ direct applica- tions of warming medications—warming are those among the above that draw the menses, and also the following: cow’s dung, bull’s gall, myrrh, alum, all-heal juice, and anything else that is similar—apply a great amount of these, and evacuate downwards with laxative medications that do not provoke vomiting and are mild, in order that purging does not become excessive.
You must make uterine applications as follows, if you wish them to be forceful: prepare semi-boiled honey, add some of the emmenagogues named, and when you are ready to insert them form the mixture into suppositories like those administered per anum, long and narrow. Lie the woman down on her back, raise the legs of the bed at the foot end, then insert the pessary, wrapping it in a cloth or something else of the kind, until it melts.* If you wish to make a milder application, bind the pessary
4] agree with Fuchs that, although Littré’s text is palaeo- graphically preferable, its sense seems questionable: “et on fera chauffer la partie soit sur un pot de chambre, soit...”
3 ῥάκει δέων ἢ Foes in note 136 after Cornarius’ panniculo intecto aut: ἀκηδίῃ V: ἀμίδι ἢ Littré.
99
ΠΕΡῚ TOMQN TON KATA ANOPOTION
, x 5 > A ἐνδέων. Kal ἣν ὑγρότητος ἔμπλεαι οὖσαι al μῆτραι τὸ στόμα συνοιδήσωσιν καὶ ἀρροίην παράσχωσι,
‘ A lal ῥόον χρὴ ποιέοντα ἰᾶσθαι προσθετοῖσι φαρμάκοισι, καὶ πυριῶντα ὡς γέγραπται, οὕτω ποιεῦντα, ὥσπερ Ν κατὰ τὴν πρόσθεν ἀρροίην: καὶ εἰ ἐς τὸ πρόσθεν lal \ προσχωρέουσα ἀποστραφῇ, ῥόον χρὴ ποιέειν ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῆς πρότερον ἀρροίης. ὅταν δὲ ῥόος ἢ ΄ ” ΄ χ Ae, Μ᾽ ὦ, Ψ λίην, οὔτε θερμαίνειν χρὴ θερμῷ ὕδατι οὔτ᾽ ἄλλῳ οὐδενὶ οὔτε οὐρητικοῖσι χρῆσθαι οὔτε σιτίοισι δια- χωρητικοῖσι: τῆς γε κλίνης τὰ πρὸς ποδῶν ὑψηλό- > ΄ > 8, τερα εἶναι, ὡς μὴ ἡ κατάκλισις εὔροος ἢ" καὶ προσ- θετοῖσιν ἅμα τοῖς στύφουσι χρῶ. οἱ δὲ ῥόοι, ὁπό- ἊΝ 5 / “ ε 4 > , e , ταν μὲν εὐθέως ἵκηται ἡ κάθαρσις, εὐθέως ὑφαίμο- ves γίνονται, ὁπόταν δ᾽ ἧσσον ἴῃ, πυώδεες: καὶ τῇσι , “ lal c ἈΝ ’ νεωτέρῃσιν ὕφαιμα μᾶλλον, αἱ δὲ πρεσβύτεραι
’ὔ A ΕΝ ἊΝ / 4
μυξώδεα μᾶλλον ἔχουσι τὰ καταμήνια καλεύμενα.
100
PLACES IN MAN
in fine linen. If the uterus becomes full of moisture, and its mouth swells shut, so that it cuts off the outflow, you must restore the flow by treating with medicinal pessaries and vapour-baths as described, i.e. by doing the same things as in the amenorrhea above. Also if the uterus moves forward and turns aside, you must provoke its flow as in the amenorrhea above. When the menstrual flow is excessive, it is imperative that you neither warm with hot water or anything else, nor employ diuretics or laxative foods. Rather the part of the bed towards the feet must be higher than the rest, in order that the downward slant will not favour flow, and at the same time you should use astringent pessaries. The flow, when the cleaning takes place at once, becomes bloody at once, but when the cleaning occurs less quickly, it is purulent. In younger women it is more bloody, while older women have menses, as they are called, that are more mucous.
101
GLANDS
INTRODUCTION
In chapter 11 of Joints, where the writer is discussing cautery in the axilla, we read:
All men have glands, smaller or larger, in the axilla and many other parts of the body. But the general nature of glands (περὶ ἀδένων οὐλομελίης) will be described in another treatise, both what they are, and their signification and action in the parts they occupy. !
Galen remarks on this passage in his Commentary to Joints:
The complete system of the nature of glands, which he promised to expound elsewhere, he called “ov- λομελίη"; however such a book of Hippocrates about the general nature of glands is not extant. But one of the more recent Hippocrateans wrote a pamphlet to which he affixed the inscription “Hip- pocrates on the general nature of glands”; this work falls far short of the genuine Hippocratic writings in both language and thought, nor has any of the earlier physicians made mention of it, nor do those who made lists (sc. of Hippocratic works) know the
book.? ' Loeb Hippocrates vol. 3, 226f. 2 Galen vol. 18A, 379.
105
GLANDS
Erotian, although not including the title in the list of Hippocratic works in his preface, does include several words present in Glands in his glossary, and one that must derive from it: A24 λύματα (Glands ch. 12), otherwise unknown in the Corpus, and cited in the correct number and case.
Down to Littré and Petrequin, Galen’s judgement was accepted as sufficient in itself, and final. Ermerins, how- ever, argued that Glands is in fact the treatise promised by the author of Joints. He defends this view by pointing out Erotian’s knowledge of the work, and referring to the fact that its title and contents correspond exactly to the notice in Joints. Furthermore, he records a number of rare words that occur only in these two books. Generally, subsequent scholars have rejected Ermerins’ conclusion, seeking to buttress with engy sie evidence the impossi- bility of a unity of authorship.+
A number of points should be borne in mind. First, the prima facie case favours unity of authorship; onus of proof is on the side of denial. Second, Galen’s opinion in the matter is worthless as evidence: his absolute inability to separate the historical Hippocrates from the instru- ment of his own medical propaganda is now patent.° Third, the evidence put forth by Galen and his modern
3 See Nachmanson p. 450 and note 1.
4 See Joly pp. 104-10.
5 See W. D. Smith, The Hippocratic Tradition, Ithaca, 1979, pp. 123-76, and several of the articles in J. Kollesch and D. Nickel, Galen und das hellenistische Erbe, Stuttgart, 1993: e.g. P. Potter, “Apollonius and Galen ‘On Joints’”, pp. 117-23; G. E. R. Lloyd, “Galen on Hellenistics and Hippocrateans: Con- temporary Battles and Past Authorities”, pp. 125-43.
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GLANDS
followers ranges greatly in value: none of it seems abso- lutely irresistible, at least to me. The same, however, can be said of Ermerins’ efforts. All of which leaves me a weak unitarian, leaning towards agnosticism.
Very systematic in its structure, the treatise progresses from a histological definition of glands (ch. 1), via brief general remarks on their pathology (ch. 2), and an account of their function (ch. 3), location, and relation- ship to hairs (chs. 4-6), to a discussion of the various par- ticular glands and their diseases: tonsils (ch. 7), axillary nodes (ch. 8), lymph glands of the intestine (ch. 9), brain (chs. 10-15), and breasts (chs. 16-17).
Glands is represented in all editions of the collected Hippocratic works, including Zwinger’s. A new edition by Robert Joly has recently appeared in the Budé series; it is upon Joly’s edition that mine mainly depends.
107
VIII 556 Littré
ΠΕΡῚ AAENON OTAOMEAIH>
1. Περὶ δὲ ἀδένων οὐλομελίης ὧδε ἔχει. φύσις μὲν αὐτῇσι σπογγώδης, ἀραιαὶ μὲν καὶ πίονες, καὶ », 2 ΄ ” A + 7 + + ἐστιν οὔτε σαρκία ἴκελα τῷ ἄλλῳ σώματι, οὔτε ἄλλο τι ὅμοιον τῷ σώματι, ἀλλὰ ψαφαρὰ καὶ φλέβας ἔχει
/ > Ἂν ΄ ες ΄ ΄, Ν συχνάς: εἰ δὲ διατάμοις, αἱμορραγέει λάβρως" τὸ εἶδος λευκαὶ καὶ οἷον φλέγμα, ἐπαφωμένῳ δὲ οἷον » * > ΄ 1 a ὃ , ΟΞ τς Ν εἴρια: κὴν Opyaans τοῖς δακτύλοις ἐπὶ πολὺ βιη-
4 ε > Ν ς Ν 5 4 > lal ‘\ > Ν σάμενος, ἡ ἀδὴν ὑγρὸν ἀφίησιν ἐλαιῶδες, καὶ αὐτὴ
Ἅ ἣν Ν 3 ’ὔ θρύπτεται πολλὰ καὶ ἐξαπόλλυται.
2. Πονέουσι δὲ οὐ κάρτα, ἀλλὰ τῷ ἄλλῳ σώματι SEEN ͵΄ ὃ ὃ A 2 ἰδί A 2 A δὲ Ν ἐπὴν πονέωσι διδοῦσιν" ἰδίην νοῦσον: παῦρα δὲ καὶ τῷ σώματι ξυμπονέουσιν. αἱ νοῦσοι φύματα γίνον- ται, καὶ χοιράδες ἀναπηδῶσι, καὶ πῦρ ἔχει τὸ σῶμα: πάσχουσι δὲ ταῦτα, ἐπὴν ὑγρασίης πληρωθῶσι τῆς ἀπὸ" τοῦ ἄλλου σώματος ἐπιρρεούσης εἰς αὐτάς" ἐπιρρέει δὲ ἐκ τοῦ ἄλλου σώματος διὰ τῶν φλεβῶν,
ἃ ᾽ ss , nN ‘\ A “ » at δι’ αὐτῶν τέτανται πολλαὶ καὶ κοῖλαι, ὥστε ἀκο- λουθεῖν τὸ ὑγρὸν ὅ τι ἂν ἕλκωσιν εὐπετέως ἐς αὐτάς" >! ἂν » ‘ A ΤΣ ¢ 4 δὰ c Kv πολὺ ἔῃ Kal νοσῶδες ἡ pon, ξυντείνουσιν αἱ > / > Ν A ‘\ ” A “ - 5 ’ ἀδένες ἐπὶ σφᾶς τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα: οὕτω πυρετὸς ἐξά-
! Ermerins: ἐργ- V.
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1. The general nature of glands is as follows. Their substance is spongy and they are rarefied and fatty; their tissues neither look like the rest of the body, nor resemble it in any other way, being instead friable and possessing many vessels: if you cut through a gland, it bleeds vio- lently. In appearance glands are white and phlegmy, to the touch they are like wool. If you knead one in your fingers, pressing it firmly, the gland discharges an oily fluid and itself breaks almost completely into small pieces, and disappears.
2. Glands rarely become ill, but when they do, they give their disease to the rest of the body; seldom, though, do they ail in sympathy with the body. Their diseases: tubercles form, scrofulas erupt, fever seizes the body. Glands suffer these things when they become filled with moisture flowing to them from the rest of the body. This moisture flows to them out of the rest of the body along the vessels that run through them, so numerous and hollow that whatever moisture they attract easily reaches them. If the flux is copious and diseased, the glands con- tract the rest of the body upon themselves: in this way
2 Joly: δὲ ἢ δὴν 3 Ermerins: ἐπὶ V.
109
558
ΠΕΡῚ AAENON OTAOMEATH®>
Nees, Ν A 1 ε Ἰδέ πτεται, και αειρονται και φλογιῶσιν αι QOEVES.
> A 3. ᾿Αδένες δὲ ὕπεισιν ἐν τῷ σώματι πλείους Kai” / A lol Ν a μείζους ἐν τοῖσι κοίλοισιν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν τοῖσιν
3 ἐν τοῖσιν ἄλλοισιν | ὑγρηδών,
+ Noe. ἄρθροισι, καὶ ὅκου Ἂν Ν Ἂν «ε , ’ e Ν ε ἂν > 4 καὶ κατὰ τὰ αἱματώδεα χωρία: al μὲν ὡς TO ἐπιρρέον
ΕΒ > ἊΝ lal 5 ’ὔ 5 ἊΝ / “ ἄνωθεν ἐς τὰ κοῖλα ἐπιδεχόμεναι ἐπὶ σφέας ἕλκω- “ 5 Ἂς A / σιν, αἱ δὲ ὥστε τὴν αὖθις γινομένην ὑπὸ τῶν πόνων ε ΄ > ὃ ΄ > , 4 Ν ΄ ὑγρασίην ἐπιδεχόμεναι, ἐξαρύωσιξ τὴν πληθύν, « Ψ,. Ν »“, “ 4 > » 2 ἥντινα μεθίησι τὰ ἄρθρα. οὕτω πλάδος οὐκ ἔνι ἐν ἴω 4 4 Ν 4 Ἅ a τῷ σώματι: εἰ γάρ TL καὶ γίνοιτο παραυτίκα, οὐκ ἂν “2 A ἐπιγίνοιτο πλάδος ὀπίσω: καταναισιμοῦται yap καὶ XN Ἂς Ἂς Ν 5 4 > Ν > 4 TO πολὺ καὶ TO ὀλίγον ἐς τὰς ἀδένας. 4. Καὶ οὕτω τὴν πλεονεξίην τοῦ ἄλλου σώματος ¢ > / / , Ν 4 5 “Ὁ αἱ ἀδένες κέρδος ποιεύμεναι, τροφὴ ξύντροφος αὐτῇ- 4 > “ “ Vd > A ἊΝ ἊΝ Va σίν ἐστιν: ὥστε ὅκου τελματώδεα, ἐκεῖ Kal ἀδένες:" an 4 , lal ἊΝ 4 ε Ν , σημεῖον, ὅκου ἀδήν, ἐκεῖ Kal τρίχες: ἡ yap φύσις ΄ 10€ Ν ΄ ἈΞ ΕΝ ΄, 3. -ς ποιέει ἀδένας καὶ τρίχας <Kal>° ἄμφω χρέος τωὐτὸ λ ΄ ε Ν » 6 Ν > ΄ ε ἊΣ FW, αμβάνουσιν, αἱ μὲν ἐς τὸ ἐπιρρέον, ὡς καὶ ἔμ- », «ε SS , Ν 3 Ν lal > / προσθεν εἴρηται: ai δὲ τρίχες THY ἀπὸ τῶν ἀδένων ΄ὔ΄ 27 4 / Ἂς »“ ἐπικαιρίην ἔχουσαι φύονταί τε καὶ αὔξονται, ἀνα- ἂν / Ἂς λεγόμεναι τό τε περισσὸν καὶ ἐκβρασσόμενον ἐπὶ Ν / ¢ Ν ay Ν Ν lal ” Ν τὰς ἐσχατιάς. ὅκου δὲ αὖον ἐὸν τὸ σῶμα, οὔτε ἀδὴν BA 4 Ν Ν ¢ Ν ΩΝ Ἃ Ν 4 οὔτε θρίξ: τὰ δὲ ἁπαλὰ Kai πονεύμενα καὶ κάθυγρα, ἀδενώδεα καὶ τρίχας «ἔχει; ἀδένες δὲ καὶ κατὰ al + Le », Ἂς ” ε 4 Ἂν Ν τοῖν οὐάτοιν ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα ἑκατέρωθεν κατὰ τὰς σφαγὰς τοῦ τραχήλου, τρίχες τε ἐνταῦθα ἑκατέρω-
: - 9 : > ! Ermerins: -γῶσιν V. 2 Ermerins: ἢ V. 3 Ermerins: ὁκόσα V.
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fever is kindled, and the glands swell up and become inflamed.
3. Glands are present in greater number and size in the hollow parts of the body and the joints, and where moisture is present in other parts, and in regions rich in blood. Some glands are placed so as to attract and receive the moisture that flows down from above into the hollow parts, others again so as to take over the moisture that arises in exertions, and to drain off most of what the joints secrete. In this way, no collection of fluid is permitted to form in the body; for even if some fluid should suddenly arise, afterwards no collection can follow, since quantities both large and small are consumed inte the glands.
4. In this way, too, the glands profiting from the sur- plus present in the rest of the body, the nourishment of the body is also their nourishment. Thus, in any parts where there is fluid, there are also glands. Here is proof: where there is a gland, there too are hairs, for nature makes glands and hairs, and they both fulfil the same office, the one (i.e. glands) with regard to what flows to them, as was described above, while the hairs, taking advantage of what is provided from the glands, grow and increase by collecting the excess that is cast out to the sur- face. Where the body is dry, there is neither gland nor hair, whereas the parts that are tender, active in exertions and thoroughly moist are glandular and possess hairs. There are glands scattered about the ears on both sides near the jugular vessels of the neck, and there are hairs
4 €Eapvwor Littré: ἐν τοῖσιν ἄρθροισιν V. ° Ermerins. 6 Froben: ὡς V. ‘Ermerins: ἀδὴν ὧδε καὶ τρίχες V.
111
560
ΠΕΡῚ AAENOQN OTAOMEATH®>
> ἊΝ A fe 5 / ὯΝ 4 θεν: ἐπὶ ταῖς μασχάλῃσιν ἀδένες καὶ τρίχες: Bov- A Ν 5 , > / 4 > ἄν Ἂς βῶνες καὶ ἐπίσιον ἰκέλως μασχάλῃσιν [ἀδὴν καὶ τρίχες]. ταῦτα μὲν κοῖλα τῶν ἐν τῷ σώματι καὶ ῥηΐ- δια ἐς περιουσίην | ὑγροῦ: καὶ γὰρ πονέει ταῦτα καὶ κινέεται μάλιστα τῶν ἐν τῷ σώματι.
5. Τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα ὁκόσα ἀδένας ἔχει μοῦνον, οἷον ἔντερα, ἔχει γὰρ καὶ ταῦτα ἀδένας ἐς τὸ ἐπίπλοον
3, a / μείζονας, τρίχας οὐκ ἔχει. καὶ γὰρ ἐν τοῖσι τέλμασι τῆς γῆς καὶ καθύγροισιν οὐ φύεται τὸ σπέρμα οὔτ᾽ 527 » ΄ a A ” > , > , ἐθέλει ἀναβαίνειν τῆς γῆς ἄνω, add’ ἀποσήπεται καὶ ἀποπνίγεται τῇ πλεονεξίῃ: βιῆται γὰρ τὸ σπέρμα. βιῆται δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖσιν ἐντέροισιν ἡ πλη-
ἊΝ Ἂν ὯΝ Ἑ ἊΝ 4 ἊΝ > a 4 , e θὺς καὶ TO ὑγρὸν πολύ, καὶ οὐκ ἂν φύσαι τρίχας. αἱ Ἂν 5 ΄ ΄ 2 A A 4 Ν δὲ ἀδένες μείζονες ἤ κου ἄλλοθι τοῦ σώματος: καὶ νέμονται αἱ ἀδένες ἐν τοῖσιν ἐντέροισιν ἐκπιεζόμεναι ΩΝ 4 Ν \ »~ > lal / > Ν > / τὸν πλάδον: τὰ δὲ ἔντερα EK τῶν τευχέων ἐς TA ἐπί- 5 / Ἂν; , Ν e 4 ἊΝ Ἂς πλοα ἐκδέχεται καὶ καθίησι τὴν ὑγρασίην: τὸ δὲ ἐπίπλοον διαδιδοῖ τῇσιν ἀδέσιν. » Ν Ἂς
6. Ἔχουσι καὶ οἱ νεφροὶ δὲ ἀδένας: καὶ yap οὗτοι κορίσκονται πολλῆς Vypacins: μείζους δὲ αἱ 5 ΄ 4 an « BA > , > lal 2. ‘ ἀδένες ταύτῃ ἢ αἱ ἄλλαι ἀδένες ἐοῦσαι: οὐ yap ἐμπίνεται τοῖσι νεφροῖσι τὸ ὑγρὸν τὸ ἐπιρρέον, > Ν ΄ πος , / “ 4 “Ἃ > ἀλλὰ διαρρέει ἐπὶ κύστιν κάτω, ὥστε 6 TL ἂν ἀπο-
A > A A ° Ν κερδάνωσιν ἀπὸ τῶν ὀχετῶν, τοῦτο ἕλκουσι πρὸς σφέας.
7. Καὶ ἄλλαι δέ εἰσιν ἐν τῷ σώματι ἀδένες σμι- κραὶ [kat]? πάνυ, add’ οὐ βούλομαι ἀποπλανᾶν τὸν λόγον: ἐς γὰρ τὰς ἐπικαίρους ἡ γραφή. νῦν δὲ ἀνα-
/ wn ‘\ > > , βήσομαι TO λόγῳ, καὶ ἐρέω περὶ ἀδένων οὐλομελίης
112
GLANDS
there on both sides; in the axillae there are glands and hairs; groins and pubis similarly to the axillae. These are hollow parts of the body and easy for excessive moisture to occupy, especially since they labour and move more than any other parts.
5. Other parts of the body which have only glands, like the intestines (these have quite large glands situated in the omentum), lack hairs. After all, in the earth’s marshes and wet places a seed fails to germinate and is unable to come up above the soil, being decomposed and suffo- cated by the excessive moisture, since the moisture over- powers the seed. So too do the abundance and great moisture in the intestines have an overpowering effect, and fail to bring forth hairs. The glands there are larger than in any other part of the body; they gain their nour- ishment in the intestines by squeezing out moisture for themselves: the intestines receive moisture from the ves- sels and send it to the omentum, the omentum in turn passes it on to the glands.
6. The kidneys, too, have glands, since they also are saturated with much moisture. The glands there are larger than the other glands, for the moisture that flows in is not soaked up by the kidneys, but flows through them down to the bladder, so that whatever the glands acquire from the pipes they draw to themselves.
7. In the body there are also other very small glands, but I do not want to wander off from my subject; this trea- tise, after all, pertains to the essentials. So now I shall go on in my argument and discuss the general nature of the
! Del. Potter. 2 Del. Ermerins.
113
562
ΠΕΡῚ AAENOQN OTAOMEAITH>
4 ΄ x ΄ 5 A ε 4 5,
τραχήλου: τράχηλος τὰ μέρεα αὐτοῦ ἑκάτερα ἔνθα
Ν + > "4: »” Ν ὮΝ 7 e καὶ ἔνθα ἀδένας ἔχει, Kal παρίσθμια καλέονται at > ΄, i) / / ε Ν ε ΄ ἀδένες αὗται: χρείη τοιήδε: ἡ κεφαλὴ ὑπέρκειται » ΄ τς τὰ Ν Ν Ν ΄ 1 A ἄνω KoiAn ἐοῦσα καὶ περιφερὴς καὶ «πλήρης; τῆς περὶ | αὐτὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἄλλου σώματος ὑγρασίης" καὶ ἅμα ἀναπέμπει τὸ σῶμα ἀτμοὺς ἐς τὴν κεφαλὴν
/ ΕΣ Δ 3 ε A > / 5 ,
παντοίους ἄνω, OVS αὖθις ἡ κεφαλὴ ὀπίσω ἀφίησιν: οὐ γὰρ δύναται ἐμμένειν τὸ ἐπιρρέον οὐκ ἔχον ἔνθα ἕδρην, ἢν μὴ τὴν κεφαλὴν πονέῃ, τότε οὐκ ἀνίησιν, > > 5 “ 4 > Ν Ἂς > la) Ν “ > Ἂν ἀλλ᾽ αὐτοῦ κρατέει: ἐπὴν δὲ ἀνῇ τὴν ἕλξιν, ἐς τὰς 5 4 ε ε Ἂς , ΩΝ > Ἂν / Ν ec a ἀδένας ἡ pon γίνεται, Kat οὐδὲν λυπέει TO ῥεῦμα, ἔστ᾽ ἂν ὀλίγον τε ἢ καὶ ξύμμετρον καὶ ἐγκρατέες 37 e > 4 a Ν Ν 5 A , * x ἔωσιν αἱ ἀδένες: ἣν yap πολὺ ἐπιρρυῇ δριμύ, ἣν μὲν ἢ δριμὺ καὶ κολλῶδες, φλεγμαίνει καὶ ἀνοιδίσκεται καὶ ξυντείνει ὁ τράχηλος, καὶ οὕτω προΐει ἐς οὖς" By ς on κὴν μὲν «ἐς: ἑκάτερα τὰ μέρεα, <Exdtepov>** ἣν δὲ » ΄ ΄ ΄ EN \ 5 A ἐς θάτερον, πονέει θάτερον: ἣν δὲ ἢ φλεγματῶδες
ἮΝ Ν Ν > Ν ε « / γᾷ ἊΣ Ν ὃ καὶ πολὺ καὶ ἀργὸν ἡ pon, φλεγμαίνει δὲ καὶ ὧδε: καὶ 7 φλεγμονή, στάσιμον ἐὸν ὑγρόν, χοιράδες
3 ε fal ΄ αἱ νοῦσοι τραχήλου.
ἐγγίνονται: αὗται δ᾽ εἰσὶν 8. Μασχάλῃσι δὲ ξυρρέει μὲν καὶ ἐνταῦθα, add’
4 Ἂς δ ὃ / και WOE YLVOVTAL
oe a > / > “ ὅταν πλῆθος ἢ δριμέος ἰχῶρος, ἷξ Ν 3 Ν Ἂν > A a -“ φύματα. κατὰ ταὐτὰ καὶ ἐν τοῖσι βουβῶσιν ἕλκει Ν > Ν A e 7 e 7 ε 3 4 4 τὴν ἀπὸ TOV ὑπερκειμένων ὑγρασίην ἡ ἀδήν: ἄλλως «τ᾽ εἰ πλῆθος λάβοι, βουβωνοῦται καὶ διαπυΐσκε- ται καὶ φλεγμαίνει ἰκέλως μασχάλῃσί τε καὶ τρα- 4 ἣν > > 4 ε 4 4 > Ν Ν χήλῳ: τὰ δ᾽ αὐτά οἱ δοκέει παρέχειν ἀγαθὰ καὶ
' Zwinger in margin. 2 Aldina.
114
GLANDS
glands of the throat. The throat has glands here and there on both sides, and these glands are called the paristhmia. This is their function: the head is situated in the superior position, hollow, round, and filled with moisture it has from the rest of the body; at the same time, the body sends up vapours of every sort to the head, which the head in turn sends back; for this influx, having nowhere to settle, cannot remain in the head without making the head ill: in that case the head does not send it away, but it gains the upper hand there. If, however, the head relaxes its attraction, a flux to the glands occurs; this fluid causes no damage, as long as it is small in amount and propor- tional, and the glands can control it. But if there is a copi- ous sharp afflux, which is sharp and viscous, the throat fills with phlegm, swells up and is stretched tight, and as a consequence there is a discharge to the ear; if this hap- pens on both sides, each ear is involved, if on one side, then one ear suffers. If, on the other hand, the flux is like phlegm, copious and inert, swelling occurs in this case, too, but the swelling, since the moisture tends towards stasis, involves the formation of a scrofula. These are the diseases of the throat.
8. To the axillae, too, there are affluxes; when there is a great amount of sharp serum, tubercles form this way too. In the same way, the gland in the groins draws mois- ture from the regions above; especially if it takes in a great amount, the groins swell up, suppurate and fill with phlegm, just as happens in the axillae and the throat. In the groins, too, glands appear to produce the same good
3 δ᾽ εἰσὶν Potter: χρειήοις V: del. Ermerins. 4 Potter: δριμεῖς ἐχῶρες V. 5 Joly.
115
564
ΠΕΡῚ AAENON ΟΥ̓ΛΟΜΕΛΙΗΣ
4 LY A Ν 3 Ν lal κακά. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἀμφὶ τῶνδε. Ν ΝΣ ἃ + ’ὔ ‘\ 3 4 ,
9. Ta δὲ ἔντερα ἔχει κόρον πολὺν ἀπό TE σιτίων καὶ ποτῶν" | ἔχει δὲ καὶ τὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ δέρματος ὑὕγρα- σίην: αὕτη πᾶσα ἀπαναισιμοῦται ἰκέλη τοῖς πρόσ- θεν: νούσους δὲ οὐ ποιεῖ τὰ πολλά, ὅκως περ καὶ ἐν τοῖσιν ἄρθροισι γίνεται: συχναὶ γάρ τοι ἀδένες καὶ > 4 Ἂν 5 ἴω \ > ἊΝ ἴω 5 ἀναπετέες, καὶ οὐ κοῖλαι, καὶ οὐ πολὺ πλῆθος ἐπαυ- ρισκόμεναι ἡ ἑτέρη τῆς ἑτέρης, ἐπεὶ μᾶλλον πλεονε-
- 52 2 WS) ΄ ΄ ΄ 1 » δύ κτεῖν ἐθέλουσα οὐδεμίη τότε πλέον" ἔχειν δύναται, ἀλλ᾽ ὀλίγον ἑκάστη“ ξυρρέον ἐς τὸ ἄρθρον ἐς πολλὰ διαιρεόμενον" ἰσότης ἐστὶν αὐτῇσιν.
10. “H κεφαλὴ καὶ αὐτὴ τὰς ἀδένας ἔχει, τὸν ἐγκέφαλον ἴκελον adéve: ἐγκέφαλος γὰρ καὶ λευκὸς
Ἂν / -“ ἂν 3 4 ἊΝ > Ἂν 5 Ἂν καὶ ψαφαρός, ὅκως περ καὶ ἀδένες, καὶ ταὐτὰ ἀγαθὰ τῇσιν ἀδέσι ποιεῖ τὴν κεφαλήν: ἐνεοῦσαν" «γὰρ! διὰ τὰ εἰρημένα μοι, τιμωρέων ὁ ἐγκέφαλος ἀποστε- ρέει τὴν ὑγρασίην, καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς ἐσχατιὰς ἔξω ἀπο-
΄ ‘ ΄ Ses A cv , 4. πὸ , στέλλει TO πλέον ἀπὸ τῶν ῥόων. μείζων δ᾽ ὁ ἐγκέ-
lal ᾿΄ > / Ν «ς / / 3 « φαλος τῶν ἄλλων ἀδένων, καὶ αἱ τρίχες μείζους ἢ αἱ »Μ 4 4 μὰ ἐν > / Ἂν 5 ἄλλαι τρίχες: μείζων τε γὰρ ὁ ἐγκέφαλος καὶ ἐν > μ » A A εὐρυχωρίῃ κέεται TH κεφαλῇ. ἊΝ Ἂν 4 ἊΝ “ Ν /
11. Ποιέει δὲ νούσους Kai ἥσσονας καὶ μείζονας xn « » > 4 / 4 ε ’ > x 4 lal ἢ αἱ ἄλλαι ἀδένες- ποιέει δέ, ὁκόταν ἐς τὰ κάτω τοῦ
4 Ν / , > , Lard σώματος τὴν σφετέρην πλεονεξίην ἀποστείλῃ. ῥόοι δὲ Sha A say > ΄ὔ 5 ὃ 9. Ν
€ ἀπὸ κεφαλῆς ἐνίοτε ἀποκρίνονται," δι’ ὥτων κατὰ
! Joly: πλίην V. 2 ὀλίγον ἑκάστη Littré: ἐς ὀλίγον ἑκάστης V.
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and bad effects. So much on this subject.
9. The intestines have a great nutritional abundance which comes from the foods and drinks; also they have the moisture under the skin. All this moisture is con- sumed just as in the cases above, but in most instances, contrary to what happens at the joints, it does not provoke diseases. For in the intestines the glands are thickly dis- tributed and wide open; neither do they have cavities, nor does one gland obtain a great quantity at the expense of another, since none is ever able to have an excessive amount—even though it might wish to have more than its share—but each gets a little of what flows to the part and is divided between many: i.e. there is an equal division among them.
10. The head too has glands, viz. the brain which is like a gland; for the brain is white and friable just like glands, and it renders the same benefits in the head as do glands. For whatever moisture occupies the head in the manner I have described, the brain helps by drawing off, and it sends away to the extremities most of what arises from fluxes. The brain is larger than other glands, and the hairs over it are longer than other hairs; for the brain is of greater size, and it lies in an open space in the head.
11. The brain provokes diseases that are both less and more severe than those provoked by other glands; it does this when it sends its own surplus to the lower parts of the body. Fluxes from the head are sometimes secreted
3 Joly: ἐοῦσαν V. 4 Ermerins.
5 ἐνίοτε ἀποκρ. Potter: ἕως ἀποκρίσιος V.
ἘΠῚ
566
ΠΕΡῚ AAENON OTAOMEAIH®>
φύσιν, δι’ ὀφθαλμῶν, διὰ ῥινῶν: τρεῖς οὗτοι: καὶ ” , ε ’ 5 4 > ’, », ἄλλοι δι’ ὑπερῴης ἐς φάρυγγα, ἐς στόμαχον: ἄλλοι
ε ΄ Ol παᾶαντες
Ν lal > ἊΝ a > ‘\ > , διὰ φλεβῶν ἐπὶ νωτιαῖον, ἐς τὰ ἰσχία, ἑπτά.
12. Οὗτοι τοῦ τε ἐγκεφάλου λύματά εἰσιν ἀπιόν- τες" καὶ εἰ μὴ | ἀπίοιεν, νοῦσος αὐτῷ. οὕτω δὲ καὶ
A + 4 “Ἄ > Ἂν », 5 4 Ἂς Ν 2, τῷ ἄλλῳ σώματι, ἣν ἐς τὰ ἔνδον ἀπίωσι καὶ μὴ ἔξω,
Ἂς 5 ων », 7 ” ¢ A ἣν Ν καὶ αὐτοῖς ὄχλος πολύς, κἄνδοθεν ἑλκοῖ: καὶ δριμὺ μὲν εἰ πρόοιτο ὁ ἐγκέφαλος ῥεῦμα, τὰς ἐπιρροὰς > , Ν ε a Ν Ν Ν > Ν EY > a ἐσθίει καὶ ἑλκοῖ: καὶ TO μὲν ἐπιὸν ἢν ἢ πλῆθος
Ν ε ΄ > > 4 ε CY? », ΕῚ vn > 7 KGTLOV ἁλές, οὐκ ἀνέχει ὁ ῥόος, ἔστ᾽ ἂν ἐξαρύηται τὴν πληθὺν τοῦ κατιόντος: καὶ τὸ μὲν ἐπιρρέον ἀπο-
/ »᾿ “ ἊΝ 5 / > ἧς “ πέμπων ἔξω, ἕτερον δὲ ἐσδεχόμενος, ἐς τὸ ὅμοιον
SEN ΄ ΄ ¢ Ne, ag, Ν ΄ , αἰεὶ καθιστάμενος: τά TE ὑγρὰ EAKOL™ καὶ ποιέει VOU-
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Ν lal
φύσεως, οἱ προειρημένοι ῥόοι: δυσφορέουσι TO πλῆ- os, καὶ ὀδάξον καὶ: ἄλογον καὶ οὐ ξύνηθες ὄν: ὁ δὲ > 4 “ », Ἂν > ‘\ > c 4 > > ἐγκέφαλος πῆμα ἴσχει καὶ αὐτὸς οὐχ ὑγιαίνων: ἀλλ εἰ μὲν δάκνοιτο, τάραχον πολὺν ἴσχει, καὶ ὁ νόος > z Ἂς ε > / lal Ν σ΄ SN ἀφραίνει, Kat ὁ ἐγκέφαλος σπᾶται καὶ ἕλκει TOV oe ” Γ᾽ 5 δ᾽ > ΄ Ν ΄ ὅλον ἄνθρωπον, ἐνίοτε οὐ φωνέει καὶ πνίγεται, ἀποπληξίη τῷ πάθει τοὔνομα. ἄλλοτε δὲ δριμὺ μὲν
! Littré: τὸ αἷμα Ν.
2 Potter: ἕλκη V.
3 Potter: ἀκηδίῃ V.
4 Joly: ὀδάξον τὸ Ermerins: ὀδάξονται τὸ V.
118
GLANDS
through the natural passages of the ears, eyes or nose: these are three possibilities; others flow through the palate into the throat or into the oesophagus, others through the vessels into the spinal marrow, or to the hips: seven possibilities in all.@
12. These fluxes are purgations of the brain when they pass off, and if they do not pass off, the brain becomes ill. So too in the rest of the body, if they pass into the interior rather than to the exterior, it means great trouble for those parts, with ulcers forming in the interior. If the brain sends forth a fluxion that is sharp, this corrodes and ulcerates the channels by which it arrives. If what arrives is great in quantity and passes down all in a mass, the flux does not cease until it has drained off most of what is passing down. In continually sending one afflux away while at the same time receiving a new one, a constant state becomes established, and the moisture causes ulcer- ations and provokes diseases. Both these fluxes in their abnormality weaken the constitution, and if a person becomes ill, the evils are two. For first there are the affections of the constitution, the fluxes mentioned above; these patients bear up poorly under the quantity and the fact that it is irritating, inappropriate and unaccustomed. Secondly, the brain is harmed and is not healthy itself; and if it is irritated, it suffers a great disturbance, the mind is deranged, and the brain pulls and convulses the whole person, who sometimes becomes speechless and is suffocated; the name of this disease is apoplexy. Other
@ Cf. Places in Man 10.
5 Littré after Dietz: év ἑωυτῷ V.
119
568
570
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